Exams Flashcards
1
Q
Germans Affected by Nazi Rules
A
Nazi Members Ordinary People Women Youth Opposition Untermensch
2
Q
Nazi Members
A
Positive Effects
- given best houses
- preferential treatment
- good jobs in the government sector
- power over other people
3
Q
Ordinary People
A
The positive effects included; - full employment - financial security - fun and holidays - law and order - hope, pride - improved transport The negative effects included; - wages fell - freedom was lost - strikers were shot
4
Q
Women
A
The positive effects included;
- Law for the Encouragement of Marriage gave newly weds a loan of 1000 marks and allowed them to keep 250 for each child
- Mothers who had more than eight children were given a gold medal*
The negative effects included;
- Job discrimination
- Anti-Feminist
- Women weren’t allowed to serve in the armed forces
- Mothers who had more than eight children were given a gold medal*
5
Q
Youth
A
The positive effects included;
- Nazi culture was very youth-orientated
- HJ provided exciting activities for boys
- HJ and BDM treated men and women as if they were special
The negative effects included;
- Girls were unhappy with the emphasis on the three C’s
- True Aryan girls and boys were sent off to breed for the ‘new race’
- Towards the end of the war youth gangs rebelled against HJ and Nazi cultre (drinking, dancing to American Jazz and Swing in public)
- In Cologne 1944 they sheltered army deserters and attacked the Gesta Po; if they were caught they were hung
6
Q
Untermensch
A
The positive effects included;
- Many Germans approved of this, or at least turned a blind eye otherwise
The negative effects included;
- Jews eg. Anne Frank forced into walled ghettos, put into concentration camps or used for medical experiments
- Eighty fiver percent of Gypsies in Germany were killed, black people were sterilized and killed, five thousand mentally disabled babies from 1939-1945 were killed and seventy two thousand mentally ill patients were killed from 1939 to 1941
- Physically disabled people or families with hereditary illness were sterilised
- Three hundred thousand men and women were from 1939-1945
- Beggers, homosexuals, prostitutes, alcoholics, pacifists, hooligans and criminals were also regarded as anti-social and if caught they were sent to concentration camps
7
Q
Why People Voted For Hitler
A
- Promised a strong and exciting government; the existing one was weak
- Promised to get rid of the Treaty of Versailles and conditions imposed on them
- Hitler’s propaganda made people believe that the Weimar Republic had stabbed them in the back in the end of the war
- Jailed in 1925 for leading a violent uprising against the government which he gained good publicity from
- Time in jail changed his ideas and outlook on becoming leader; used the democratic system to be legally elected
Appealed to all classes; - Aristocrats (Wealthy); who hated communists wanted rearmament
- Middle Class; wanted law and order, and feared communists
- Working Class; wanted jobs and Hitler promised to end unemployment
- Church; supported Hitler because communists were atheists
8
Q
Hitlers Appeal - One Party State
A
- Enabling Act 1933 allowed for a one party state; banning all other parties and imprisoning leaders of them
- Offensive to belong to another party
- Nazi Members were allocated the best houses, jobs and other luxuries over the others
9
Q
Hitlers Appeal - Terror
A
- Nazi’s controlled police
- Set up Gestapo (police) and SS (secret police)
- Encouraged to report grumblers and oppositions
- Jewish, communists, homosexual, Jehovah witnesses, gypsies, alcoholics, prostitutes were sent to concentration camps
10
Q
Hitlers Appeal - Propaganda
A
- Everything was organized that the people were always grateful to Hitler and his decisions
- Mass rallies and posters were used to attract
11
Q
Hitlers Appeal - Youth
A
- Girls and boys joined Hitler Youth
- Exciting activities and war games
- Girls were taught to be good mothers
- Anti-Nazi teachers were sacked
- Had to teach a set curriculum; racist lessons
12
Q
Hitlers Appeal - Workforce
A
- Trade unions banned
- Wages went down
13
Q
Hitlers Appeal - Religion
A
- Agreement to not interfere with the church
- Pope agreed to not criticize Nazi’s
14
Q
Reichstage Fire – 27th of February 1933
A
- The Reichstag (German Parliament) burned down, and Dutch communist van der Lubbe was caught with matches and fire lighting materials; so he was blamed
- Hitler used this to arrest many Communist opponents, and as a major election campaign of March 1933
- Many believe that the fire was so convenient that the Nazi’s burnt it down and blamed the Communists
15
Q
General Election – 5th of March 1933
A
- Hitler held a general election, appealing to the German people but only forty four percent of the people voted Nazi
- This didn’t give him the majority in Reichstag, so he arrested eight one communist deputies; which gave him the majority
- Goering became Speaker of the Reichstag
16
Q
Enabling Act – 23rd of March 1933
A
- The Reichstag voted to give Hitler the power to make his own laws
- Nazi stormtroopers stopped the opposition deputies from going in and beat up anyone against it
- The Enabling Act made Hitler the dictator of Germany, with power to do anything he wanted
17
Q
Local Government – 26th of April 1933
A
- Nazi’s took over local government and police
- Replaced anti-Nazi teachers and University professors
- Hitler introduced the Gestapo (secret police)
- Encouraged Germans to report opposition members or ‘grumblers’
- Tens of thousands of Jews, Communists, Protestants, Jehovas Witnesses, Gypsies, Homosexuals, Alcoholics and Prositutes were arrest, killed or sent to concentration camps for things such as; writing anti-Nazi graffiti, possessing a band book or saying that business was bad
18
Q
Trade Unions Banned – 2nd of May 1933
A
- Trade Union offices were close, their money was confiscated and their leaders were put in prison
- In place, Hitler put the German Labour Front which reduced workers pay and took away the right to strike
19
Q
Political Parties banned – 14th of July 1933
A
- The Law against the Formation of Parties declared the Nazi Party the only political party in Germany
- All the others were banned; their leaders imprisoned
20
Q
Night of Long Knives - 30th of June 1933
A
- By 1934 there were more than million SA members who helped Hitler come to power
- Hitler was in power in 1934, and had no opposition left and ordered the SS to kill over four hundred SA members – who he believe were plotting against him
21
Q
Fuhrer – 19th of August 1934
A
- After Hindenburg died, Hitler took his place as President and Leader of the Army
- Soldiers had to pledge allegiance to die for Hitler personally)
- Hitler called himself Fuhrer
22
Q
Path to War - Night of Long Knives
A
- Hitler was Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor of Germany’s fascist government but there were rumblings of revolt
- On the 29th of June, Hitler ordered the SS to execute SA members
- German Army had to swear allegiance to Hitler; cementing his place as undisputed leader
23
Q
Path to War - Anti-Comintern Pact - November 1936
A
- Germany and Japan sign an Anti-Comintern Pact
- Italy joined in 1937
- Known as ‘Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis’
- Italy has a fascist government
- Japan has a military dictatorship
24
Q
Path to War - USA directly threatened – 12th of December 1937
A
USA directly threatened – 12th of December 1937
- Japan attacks US gunboat in Panay and three ships in Nanking, China
- US President Roosevelt appeals to congress for more military funding
25
Path to War - Austria Annexed – 13th of March 1938
- Hitler summoned Austrian Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg and informed him of his intention to annex Austria
- Recognising Austria had no chance, he agrees
- Britain and France choose not to intervene, choosing appeasement
26
Path to War - Korean Border – August 1938
orean Border – August 1938
- On Korean border, a skirmish between Japan and Soviet troops threatened to cause war between the two nations
- Truce ended conflict
- Japan had invaded Manchuria (in 1931) and conquered the eastern third of China
27
Path to War - The Munich Crisis – 12-30th of September 1938
- The Sudeten Party (representing Sudentenland), the German speaking part of Czechoslovakia pushed for union with Hitler
- Czechoslovakia refused and Hitler asked Britain and France, who sign a pact of appeasement – giving it to him
- Six months later, on March 15 1939 Germany invades and takes whole of Czechoslovakia
28
Path to War - Night of Broken Glass (Kristallnacht) – 9th of November 1938
- Jews living in Germany were targeted at night by German soldiers
- Over forty eight hours almost one thousand Jewish churches (synagogues) were set alight, seven thousand Jewish businesses looted, one hundred killed or seriously injured and thirty thousand sent to concentration camps
- Germanys Jewish communities ordered to pay a billion dollars in compensation for non Jewish affected by the violence
29
Path to War - Italian Expansion – 7th of April 1939
- Benito Mussolini (Italian Army) invades Albania
- Invaded Abyssinia October 1935
- Albania was one step away from Greece; which was Italy’s goal
- Britain promises to help Greece if ever attacked
30
Path to War - German-Russian Expansion – 23rd of August 1939
- Germany and Russia sign the German-Soviet Non-aggression Pact; guarantee’s Hitler access to Poland without fear of reprisal by Soviet Army
- Soviet Union plans on invading the eastern half of Poland and Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania and Finland
- 31st of March 1939 Britain promises to protect Poland if ever attacked
31
Causes of World War Two
- Treaty of Versailles
- Worldwide Economic Depression
- Nationalism
- Militarism
- Rise of Fascism
- Rise of Totalitarianism
- Great Depression
- Appeasement
- American Isolation
- Absent of Authority, League of Nations
- Germany Remilitarises
- Japanese Expansion
32
Treaty of Versailles
- After Germany lost WW1, the winning nations drafted a treaty to address the issues such as territorial adjustments, reparations, armament restrictions, war guilt and League of Nations
- Treaty punished Germany; left Germany in a depression and bitter
- Forced to accept all blame for starting the war, pay 6 600 million in reparations for damage, only allowed to have a small army, six naval ships, no tanks, no air force, no submarines and the Rhineland area was de-militarised
33
Worldwide Economic Depression
- After WW1 many European economies were unstable
- Boom in US throughout the 1920’s helped sustain worldwide trade
- 1929 Stock Market crash resulted in the Great Depression
- US restrictive tariff policies worsened the depression
- Unemployment rose, many turned to powerful leaders and governments who promised success through military buildup and conquest of territory
34
Nationalism
- Belief in the superiority of ones nation over all others
- In extreme cases can lead to major conflicts between nations
- Hitler, Mussolini and Japan’s Tojo touted their nations ability to dominate all others in the years leading up to WW2
35
Militarism
- Glorification of war, in which a nation strengthens its military and stockpiles weapons in preparation for war
- Important aspect of militarism is that the glorification of war is incorporated into all levels of society; including education of the nations youth
36
Rise of Fascism
- Political belief that says the individual is less important than the nation
- Glorifies violence, believe it is needed to prove the strength of people
- Uses nationalism and racism
- Dictatorships
- Italy and Germany were fascist
- High public discontent fostered the increase in radical movements such as communist and fascist theories
- Italy, Spain and Germany fell to fascist movements
- Resulted in; mild growth occurred in Italy. It brought some stability in Spain and in Germany the Nazi were able to pull them out of Depression and a huge degree of growth occurred
37
Rise of Totalitarnism
- A system in which the state and its leader have near total control
- Individual rights aren’t viewed as important; no right to vote, no free speech, government controlled economy and often a police state
38
Great Depression
- A period of severe economic hardship within Germany from 1929 to the 1930’s
- Mass unemployment and instability were the main issues within the nation
- Led to the liking of extreme and rather simplistic policies offered by Hitler and the Nazi’s attractive to Germans
- Gave Hitler the opportunity to rise to power
39
Appeasement
- Means to pacify, soothe and keep a person/people happy by giving into them
- Hitler demanded land that want Germany’s but the nations gave it to him in order to avoid conflict
- Appeasement led Hitler to doing whatever he wanted
- After the high human cost of WW1, there was little support in the Western Democracies for risking another war to stand up against fascist aggression
- US adopted an Isolationist policy to avoid European conflicts
- This meant giving into Japan, Germany and Italy in hope that they would become satisfied and war would be avoided
- Resulted in; Giving into Japan, Italy and Germany
40
American Isolation
- The failure of peace efforts such as the Kellogg Briand Treaty during the 1920’s disillusioned many American about international involvement
- US was in a major depression throughout the 1930’s and was concerned with own problems
- Conflict in Europe seemed distant, US tried to remain neutral
- This policy weakened the European Democracies
41
Absent of Authority, League of Nations
- Lack of international authority or ability to curb the radical movements or hinder radical nations failed to address these matters at a lower level
- Italy’s expansion and war in Africa, Japan’s invasion of Manchuria and China, Germany’s support of Franco
- International community was preoccupied with their own problems; couldn’t not, would not unite for the common good
42
Germany Remilitarises
- March 16th 1935, in clear violation of the Treaty of Versailles, Hitler remilitarized Germany; reactivating the air force
- Germany army grew through conscription and the other European powers voiced minimal protest, as they were more concerned with enforcing the economic aspects of the treaty. Great Britain signed the Anglo-German Naval Agreement in 1935; which allowed Germany to build a fleet one third of the size of the Royal Navy and ended the British naval operations in the Baltic
- Two years after the beginning of the expansion Hitler further violated the treaty; ordering the army to reoccupy Rhineland
- Britain and France didn’t intervene, not wanting to break into war with Germany
Resulted in; end of the British Navy and Hitler’s reign went forth
43
Japanese Expansion
- In 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria for raw materials
- In the same year, Japan began to attack China; a full scale war breaking out in 1937 in the Sino-Japanese War
- In 1938, war broke out between Japan and the Soviet Union in what were known as Soviet-Japanese Border Wars
- Idea that East Asia could exist free of Western colonialism, with Japan as leaders of a bloc of Asian and Pacific nations
- Quickly become linked to Japanese imperialism, and provided justification for invading China in 1937
- Struggle for dominance in Asia and the Pacific developed into the Pacific theatre (arena) of World War 2, especially after the bombing of Pearl Harbor
44
Inflation
A persistent increase ion the available amount of currency and credit beyond the amount of goods and services for sale (they are scare)
45
Hyper Inflation
Rapid or out of control inflation
46
Communism
A system of government where the state owns all means of production (land, businesses and capital). All means of production are controlled by the government as the property, the media and all over aspects of society; no vote and no protest
47
Nationalism
Having pride in your country an willing to defend it. The belief in the superiority of ones nation over all others.
48
Militarism
Glorification of war where countries stockpile military wraps in preparation of war
49
Totalitarianism
System of government where there are no free elections, the media is controlled by the government, and people don't have freedom of speech. A system in which the state and its leader have near total control e.g. no vote, no free speech and is government controlled; often a police state
50
Nazism
A system of government where a dictator is in control so there is no freedom for people, and there is a strong belief in the superiority of ones nation which leads to a high level of conflict and racism
51
Fascism
Political belief that says the individual is less than the nation. Glorifies violence, believes it is necessary to prove strength. Uses nationalism and racism in a dictatorship.
52
Appeasement
To soothe or pacify to keep people happy by giving into them
53
Reichstag
German Parliament
54
Weimar Republic
German Republic
55
Allies
UK, Soviet Union, Aus, NZ
56
Axis Powers
Japan, Italy, Germany
57
Australia Alone
- 15th of February 1942; Fall of Singapore to the Japanese
- 19th of February 1942; First bombing of Darwin
- 4th - 8th of May 1942; Battle of the Coral Sea
- 31st of May 1942; Japanese submarines enter Sydney Harbour
- 7th of June 1942; Japanese submarine off the coast of Sydney attacks
- 25th of August 1942; Japanese troops landed at Milne Bay
- 17th of September 1942; Japanese reach fifty kilometers from Port Moresby
58
Royal Australian Navy
- RAN
- Well equipped to assist the Royal Navy
- Better prepared than others
59
Royal Australian Air Force
- RAAF
- 3500 personnel
- No modern war planes
60
Significance of Fall of Singapore
- Seen as an unbreakable fortress
- Japanese seen as superior
- Unexpected
- Scared Australians
- Showed how close the Japanese were
61
Significance of Australia's Victory at Kokoda
- First land battle won
- Saved Australia from possible invasion
- Preventing them from reaching Port Moresby was vital
- Underdog Status
62
Why the USA dropped Atomic Bombs
- Justify expenditure on Manhattan Project
- Wanted to test it out
- Too many lives would be lost if there was an invasion
- Quickly end war
63
Problems at Kokoda
- Terrain
- Climate
- Equipment
- Supplies
- CMF Soldiers
- Japanese Soldiers
- Diseases/Illnesses
- Fighting Tactics
64
Kokoda Terrain
- Dense
- Harsh
- Tropical
- Jungle
- Muddy
- Mountainous
- Misty
65
Kokoda Climate
- Humid
- Hot
- Foggy
- Breeding ground for diseases
66
Kokoda Equipment
- Faulty
- Old
- Guns w/ knives
- Outdated
- Ill Equipped
- 30kg packs
- Grenades
67
Kokoda Supplies
- Small Rations
- Old Equipment
- 30 kg packs
- Brown Uniforms
- WW1 Equipment
68
Kokoda CMF Soliders
- Citizen Military Force
- 10-1
- Not trained
- Ill prepared
- ANZAC spirit
- Outnumbered
- Chockies 'melt in the sun'
- No idea
- Hold off Japanese until AIF arrived
69
Kokoda Japanese Soldiers
- 10-1
- Highly Skilled
- Good uniform 'blend'
- New equipment
- Cruel
- Sick
- Ruthless
- Fight until the end (belief)
70
Kokoda Diseases/Illnesses
- Dysentry
- High Fevers
- Malaria
71
Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels
- Helped Australians
- Nice natives
- Many died helping during battle
72
CMF
- Citizen Military Force
- Some volunteers/conscripts
- Role was to hold the Japanese until the AIF arrived and defend Australia
- Nicknamed the Chockos
- Chockos was short for Chocolate Soldiers, because of their uniform and how it didn’t blend and that they would melt in the sun
- Weren’t trained, equipped, and badly planned and executed
73
AIF
- Australian Imperial Force (Infantry, 2nd)
74
Battle of El Alamein
- October - Novemebr 1942
- Australian Ninth Division and British against Germany
- Ninth division spearheaded attack with the British Infantry
- First major Allied victory over the Germans
- Twelve day long battle
75
Battle of Tobruk
- April – December 1941
- Australian and British against Germans
- Seventh division took part in a campaign to defeat Vichy French Forces in Syria
- Australians captured several forces and defeated experience French Foreign Legion
- Defeat of Halions in Libya forced Hitler to send in German Forces in February 1941
- Allies were pushed back to Tobruk (Libya’s coast) where epic siege began
- Allies ordered to hold Tobruk, to delay German advance on the Suez Canal and the Persian Gulf Oilfields
76
Greece and Turkey
- March – May 1941
- Australian sixth division, Greece, New Zealand and Britain against Germany
- Fought to halt the invasion of Greece
- Germans used tanks supported by dive bombers and Allies were forced to retreat to Crete
- Main army was evacuated, Australian seventh division held by Germans back
- Three thousand Australians were held or taken prisoner
77
Peace in Asia
- August 15 1945
78
Peace in Europe
- May 8th 1945
79
Stepping Stones to Glory Parts
- Boss of Universe
- Stairway/path of things to conquer
- Hand gesture 'up yours'
- Rhineland
- Rearmament
- Glorified walk/celebrity status
- Conquered countries
- Spineless leaders of Democracy
