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Exchange Surfaces Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

What do larger organisms have?

A

A smaller surface area to volume ratio

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2
Q

When may an organism need a specialised exchange surface?

A

-They are larger
-Multicellular
-High metabolic rate

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3
Q

How do you work out the circumference of a circle?

A

2TTr

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4
Q

How do you work out thr area of a circle?

A

TTr²

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5
Q

How do you work out the surface area of a cuboid?

A

2(bl+bh+hl)

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6
Q

How do you work out the volume of a cuboid?

A

HBL

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7
Q

Why do single celled organisms not need a specialised exchange surface?

A

Because their is a short diffusion pathway due to their high surface area to volume ratio

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8
Q

What are some features of a specialised exchange surface?

A

-Large surface area
-Thin walls
-Good blood supply

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9
Q

What is a drawback of air breathing?

A

A combination of the large surface area and moist membranes means that exhaled air is saturated with water vapour

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10
Q

What are the four types of gas exchange?

A

-Gills
-Lungs
-Tracheal systems
-Integumentary exchange
(Occurs through the skin)

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11
Q

What is the pathway of gases into the lungs?

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli (air sacs)

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12
Q

What are the three types of bronchiole?

A

-Primary
-Terminal
-Respiratory

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13
Q

What are the adaptations of the alveoli?

A

-Rich blood supply
-Alveoli are moist
Stops them collapsing
O2 dissolves in it and diffuses easier
-Alveoli are thin to make a shorter diffusion pathway
-Lots of Alveoli to increase opportunities

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14
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Found in airways. They excrete mucus to trap organisms and dust particles of inhaled air

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15
Q

What are cilia?

A

Hair like structures on the surface of epithelial cells lining airways which move mucus upward away from the alveoli to prevent infections

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16
Q

What are elastic fibres and what is their role in gas exchange?

A

Found in the walls of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. On breathing, they stretch and recoil to help push air (CO2) out

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17
Q

What is smooth muscle and what is their role in gas exchange?

A

Found in the walls of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles allowing their diameter to be controlled. During exercise they relax which makes the tubes wider so there is less resistance

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18
Q

What is cartilage and what is its role in gas exchange?

A

Rings found in the trachea and bronchi providing support. It’s strong and flexible which stops them from collapsing when breathing in and pressure drops.

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19
Q

What is the trachea made of?

A

-C-shaped rings of cartilage
-Smooth muscle
-Elastic fibres
-Ciliated epithelium and goblet cells

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20
Q

What is the bronchi made of?

A

-Smooth muscle
-Rings of cartilage
-Elastic fibres
-Smooth muscle
-Goblet cells and ciliated epithelium

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21
Q

What are bronchioles made of?

Study These Flashcards
A

-Ciliated epithelium with some goblet cells
-Smooth muscle
-Elastic fibres

22
Q

What is gradually lost as you go through the bronchioles?

Study These Flashcards
A

-Cartilage
-Ciliated epithelium and goblet cells

23
Q

What are alveoli made of?

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A

-Elastic fibres

24
Q

What are the mechanisms of inspiration?

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A
  • External intercostals and diaphragm contract
  • This causes the ribcage to move up and out, increasing the volume in the thoracic cavity
  • Lung pressure decreases
  • Air flows into the lungs because of the pressure gradient
25
What type of process is inspiration?
An active process as it requires energy
26
What are the mechanisms of expiration?
- External intercostals and diaphragm relax - The ribcage moves down and in - Pressure increases due to decreased volume in the thoracic cavity - Air is forced out of the lungs (Imternal intercostals will be used when air must be forced out)
27
What process is expiration?
A passive process
28
What is a spirometer?
A machine that measures the volume of air passing through it during breathing
29
Where will the results of a spirometer be displayed?
A kympgraph trace
30
How does a spirometer work?
It has an oxygen filled chamber with a movable lid. The person breathes through a connected tube, causing the lid to move up and down. These movements are recorded by a pen attached to the lid, writing on a rotating drum, creating a spirometer trace. The soda lime in the tube breathed into absorbs CO2
31
Why does the total volume of gas in the chamber decrease over time?
Because air breathed out contains carbon dioxide, which will be absorbed by the soda lime in the tube. Less oxygen is expired than inspired due to metabolic processes
32
How does someone get valid results from a spirometer?
Use a nose clips air can only bring breathed in and out via the tube Make sure the machine is air tight.
33
How do you work out the oxygen uptake per minute?
It is the slope on the spirometer trace
34
When working out tidal volume on a spirometer trace, how can you make it more accurate?
Work out more than one and work out a mean
35
What is the structure of the gills?
Usually fish have 4 Gill arches. The operculum is a flap which covers the gills. They contain many Gill filaments which contain Gill lamellae on then
36
What are Gill filaments?
They occur in large stacks and need a flow of water to keep them apart.
37
What are Gill lamellae?
The site of gaseous exchange. They are found on Gill filaments, and are thin to decrease diffusion distance.
38
What happens when gills are out of the water?
They Gill filaments stick together, drastically reducing the surface area
39
What is the counter current flow mechanism?
Where blood flows through the lamellae in the opposite direction to water
40
What does counter current flow ensure?
That the diffusion gradient is maintained along the whole length of the lamellae as blood is always encountering fresh water.
41
Describe the ventilation process in fish
The fish opens its mouth, lowing the floor of the buccal cavity, increasing the volume, therefore decreasing the pressure, causing water to be sucked in. The fish then closes its mouth, so the floor of the buccal cavity raises. This increases the pressure by reducing the volume causing water to be forced across the gills. The operculum opens and the sides of the opercular cavity move inwards, increasing the pressure in the opercular cavity. This forces water over the gills and out of the operculum. This is repeated to maintain the flow of water
42
How does air move through an insect?
Air enters via the spiracles and lead to openings I to the tracheae. These divide further into tracheoles.
43
What are spiracles?
Openings along the thorax and abdomin of insects. These can be opened and closed via sphincter muscles
44
What are Tracheae?
Tubes which are lines with spirals of chitin to prevent then from collapsing. These are waterproof so impermeable to gases
45
What are tracheoles?
The site of gas exchange. There is no chitin so gases freely diffuse directly into and out of adjacent tissue. They contain fluid which oxygen dissolves in which oxygen diffuses from.
46
How is has exchanged aided in some insects?
By the rhythmically contracting of the thorax or abdomen. E.g in flying species
47
How does the build uo of lactic acid aid in gas exchange in insects?
Build up of lactic acid decreases water potential in cells so water moves from tracheal fluid into cells which exposes more surface area for gas exchange
48
Explain the steps of dissecting fish gills.
1) place the fish in a dissecting tray 2) push back the operculum and use scissors to carefully remove the gills Cut each Gill arch through the bone at the tip and bottom 3) if you look closely you should be able to see the Gill filaments
49
Describe how to dissect an insect
1) fix the insect on a dissecting board using dissecting pins 2) carefully cut and remove a piece of the exoskeleton from the abdomen 3) use a syringe to fill the abdomen with saline solution, as it will allow you to see the network of tracheae 4) you should be able to see the rings of chitin under a microscope
50
How will the tracheae look when saline solution is added to the abdomen on an insect?
Like silver tubes because they are filled with air

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