Exchange surfaces and breathing

Question 1

Where are the LUNGS located?

Answer 1

IN the chest cavity in front of the heart and behind the ribs.

Question 2

What surrounds the lungs?

Answer 2

Rib cage

Question 3

What produces a lubricating substance around the lungs during breathing?

Answer 3

Lungs

Question 4

What muscles are found in the lungs?

Answer 4

Internal and external intercostal muscles

Question 5

How do lungs work? (Mechanism simplified) (air flow)

Answer 5

Air enters:

1) through nose -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles

2) trachea/bronchi/bronchioles enable flow of air in/out lungs

3) airway held open with INCOMPLETE rings of cartilage in trachea.

Question 6

What happens to the external intercostal muscles during inspiration?

Answer 6

They contract

Question 7

What happens to the internal intercostal muscles during inspiration?

Answer 7

They relax

Question 8

What happens to the ribs during inspiration?

Answer 8

They raise up

Question 9

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

Answer 9

It contracts and flattens

Question 10

What is the effect of inspiration on thoracic volume?

Answer 10

It increases

Question 11

What is the effect of inspiration on pressure in the thorax?

Answer 11

It lowers

Question 12

What does the lowering of pressure during inspiration cause?

Answer 12

It creates a gradient for airflow into the lungs

Question 13

What happens to the internal intercostal muscles during expiration?

Answer 13

They CONTRACT

Question 14

What happens to the external intercostal muscles during expiration?

Answer 14

They RELAX

Question 15

What happens to the ribs during expiration?

Answer 15

What happens to the ribs during expiration?

Question 16

What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?

Answer 16

It relaxes and raises up

Question 17

What occurs to the thorax volume during expiration?

Answer 17

It decreases

Question 18

What happens to the pressure in the thorax during expiration?

Answer 18

It increases

Question 19

What is the result of the increased pressure in the thorax during expiration?

Answer 19

Forces air OUT of the lungs

Question 20

Cartilage

Answer 20

Supports trachea/bronchi, prevents lung collapse during exhalation

Question 21

Ciliated epithelium

Answer 21

Moves mucus in airways to prevent lung infections Cells with hair-like structures that help move mucus and trap particles

Question 22

Goblet cells

Answer 22

Secrete mucus to trap bacteria/dust, reduce infection risk Cells that secrete mucus to protect and lubricate the respiratory tract

Question 23

Smooth muscle

Answer 23

Contracts to control airway diameter and airflow to alveoli

Question 24

Elastic fibres

Answer 24

Stretch/recoil to control airflow in lungs

Question 25

Short diffusion distance in alveoli

Answer 25

Gases exchange quickly due to thin alveolar walls

Question 26

Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

Answer 26

Occurs between alveoli and lung capillaries through simple diffusion

Question 27

Alveoli surface area

Answer 27

480-500 million alveoli provide 40-75 m2 for gas exchange

Question 28

Extensive capillary network

Answer 28

Maintains concentration gradient for efficient gas exchange

Question 29

Gas exchange

Answer 29

Process of exchanging gases, like oxygen and carbon dioxide, in the body

Question 30

Thorax

Answer 30

Collection of organs and tissues in the chest cavity

Question 31

Tissues of gas exchange system

Answer 31

Various tissue types adapted for specific functions in the respiratory system

Question 32

Tracheal rings

Answer 32

Rings of cartilage along the trachea that support and maintain its shape

Question 33

Trachea

Answer 33

Airway channel that carries air to the lungs

Question 34

Bronchi

Answer 34

Airway tubes branching off the trachea, leading to the lungs

Question 35

Bronchioles

Answer 35

Small airway tubes in the lungs that lack cartilage support

Question 36

Alveoli

Answer 36

Tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs

Question 37

Vital capacity

Answer 37

Maximum air volume in/out in one breath

Question 38

Tidal volume

Answer 38

Volume of air in/out during normal breathing

Question 39

Breathing rate

Answer 39

Number of breaths per minute

Question 40

Oxygen uptake

Answer 40

Volume of oxygen used in a given time

Question 41

Spirometers

Answer 41

Apparatus for measuring breathing

Question 42

Carbon dioxide absorption

Answer 42

Removal of CO2 from exhaled air to prevent high concentrations

Question 43

Trace on rotating drum

Answer 43

Record of breathing patterns drawn during spirometry

Question 44

Residual volume

Answer 44

Small amount of air always retained in the lungs

Question 45

Digital graph

Answer 45

Visual representation of breathing patterns on a computer