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Excipients Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

What is an excipient?

A

An additive that has no therapeutic effect

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2
Q

What are the purposes of an excipient?

A 
Enhancement of:
Delivery
Acceptability
Stability
Handling
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3
Q

What are the ideal properties of an excipient?

A

Inert
Safe- Non-toxic
Quality-assured-: Appropriate purity or grade, compliance to BP standards
Economical

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4
Q

Excipients for powder mixtures

A

Dilutent- increases bulk of tablet
Binder- helps particles to stick
Disintegrant- breaks up tablet into granules (H20)
Glidant- enhances powder flow
Anti-adherent- Prevent powders sticking to surfaces
Lubricant- Reduces friction

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5
Q

What are the 6 excipients?

A 
Lactose
Starch
Cellulose
Talc
Colloidal silicon dioxide
Magnesium Stearate
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6
Q

What are the subtypes of excipients?

A 
Monohydrate
 anhydrous
spray-dried
 Natural
pre-gelatinised powder
crystalliine
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7
Q

What is lactose?

Is it water-soluble?

A

Glucose and galactose
Water-soluble
GRAS-listed (regarded as safe)
Maillard reaction: instability with amine containing drugs

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8
Q

What are the different forms of lactose?

A

Lactose monohydrate
Anhydrous lactose
Spray dried lactose

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9
Q

What are the difference in the sub types?

A

The preparation of the excipients

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10
Q

What is lactose monohydrate?

A

Crystallised from superunsaturated lactose solutions

Odourless, white

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11
Q

What is lactose monohydrateprimarily used as?

A

Dilutent for tablets and capsules

Binder for wet granualtion in tabletting

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12
Q

How do you prepare anhydrous lactose?

A

Dry the lactose solution, then reduce the powder and crush it

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13
Q

What is anhydrous lactose primarily used as?

A

Dilutent and binder for hard-shell capsules

Direct compression tablets

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14
Q

What does granualtion mean?

A

Aggregate the powders to form larger clumps

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15
Q

How is spray-dried lactose prepared?

A

By spray-drying lactose solution

Start as liquid droplets, then solidify into spherical particles (high compactibility)

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16
Q

What is spray-dried lactose used as?

A

Dilutent
Binder
Direct-compression tableting

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17
Q

What is starch?

A

Made up of amylose and amylopectin

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18
Q

What are the two types of starch?

A

Natural

Pregelatinised

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19
Q

What protein does starch contain?

A

Wheat protein

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20
Q

What does starch naturally exist as?

A

Starch granules

1) Corn starch
2) Pea starch

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21
Q

What are the properties of Natural starch?

A

Odourless
Tasteless
White
Fine powder

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22
Q

What is natural starch primarily used as?

A 
Binder
Dilutent
Disintegrant
Anti-adherent
Lubricant
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23
Q

What are the properties of pregelatinised starch?

Study These Flashcards
A

Odourless
Slight characterstic taste
White
Fine powder

24
Q

What is pregelatinised starch primarily used as?

Study These Flashcards
A

Binder- better binder properties due to fluffiness (cohesion with partciles)
Dilutent
Disintegrant

25
What types of granualtion is pregelatinised starch used in?
Wet granualtion Dry granulation Direct-compression
26
What are the two types of cellulose?
Powdered cellulose and Microcrystalline cellulose
27
What type of glycosidic bond does cellulose have?
B-1,4 glycosidic bond
28
How is cellulose obtained?
From the pulp of a fibrous plant
29
Which agent is cellulose incompatible with?
Strong oxidising agent
30
What groups are good binders and good dilutents?
Polysaccharides/saccharides
31
What is powdered cellulose primarily used as?
Dilutent - hard-shell capsules Binder Disintegrant Glidant
32
What is the E number of cellulose?
E460
33
What is microcrystalline cellulose?
Modified form of natural cellulose
34
What are the properties of microcrystalline cellulose?
``` Porous Hygroscopic Crsytalline White Odourless Tasteless ```
35
How is microcrystalline cellulose prepared?
Partially depolymerised cellulose obtained through controlled acid hydrolysis then spray-dried
36
What is a good substitue for lactose for a filler?
Microcrystalline cellulose
37
What makes a good disintegrant?
Things that swell in water
38
What is talcum powder alrgely used as?
Used as a lubricant largely
39
What is talcum powder
A hydrous magnesium silicate
40
How is Talc prepared?
Mineral--mined, pulverised and purified
41
Why do we need to purify substances?
It may contain asbestos which is carciogenic
42
What are the primary traits of lubricants and glidants?
High specific surface area
43
What is Talc primarily used as?
Glidant Anti-adherent Lubricant Dissolution retardant
44
Is Talc water-soluble?
No, it would prevent lactose from dissolving in water if it was water soluble.
45
What are the properties of Talc?
Odourless White Crystalline powder
46
What does Talc do to larger particles?
Coats them to reduce cohesion, adhesion and friction
47
What is Colloidal silicon dioxide?
Major component in glass
48
What are the properties of Colloidal SO2?
Odourless Tasteless White/bluish powder
49
What makes it particlulary effective?
Has a very high specific surface area and is insoluble in water
50
How is Colloidal SO2 prepared?
By flame pyrolysis of chlorosilanes (forms agglomerates throughout process), in hydrogen-oxygen flame
51
What is Colloidal SO2 primarily used as?
Glidant Disintegrant Adsorbent
52
What is Magnesium stearate?
Fatty acid with a VV high specific surface area?
53
What is Magnesium stearate primarily used as?
Lubricant (to reduce friction)
54
What are the physical properties of Magnesium stearate?
Greasy to the touch Faint odour Taste of stearic acid
55
What is the solubility of Magnesium stearate?
Insoluble in water, ehtanol and ether (due to fatty acid group)
56
Which agents is Magnesium stearate incompatible with?
Strong oxidising agents, including strong acids and alkalis, iron salt
57
How does it accelerate aspirin degradation?
Increasing solubility and hydrolysis by elevating pH.

Pharmaceutics (7 decks)

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