Exemplar Case of the week intro stuff

Question 1

Normal microbiota/flora

Answer 1

Natural microbes found on an individual that do not cause harm

Question 2

Transient microbiota

Answer 2

One’s normal flora is not the same as another’s normal flora and when people touch they are swapping microbiota - these go away and don’t stay around permanently

Question 3

Resident microbiota

Answer 3

These are the bacteria that form a niche in one’s body, they are “residents” meaning they aren’t going anywhere

Question 4

Opportunistic pathogen

Answer 4

Many species of the normal flora are opportunists in that they take advantage of the host if the immune system is down and cause infection

Question 5

Frank pathogen

Answer 5

A pathogen that affects both normal and immunocompromised individuals and almost always causes disease

Question 6

Virulence

Answer 6

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species “its ability to cause disease”

Question 7

Dominant normal flora on the skin & morphology

Answer 7

Staphylococcus aureus (round)

Question 8

Dominant normal flora in the nose & morphology

Answer 8

Staph aureus (round)

Question 9

Dominant normal flora in the oropharynx & morphology

Answer 9

Streptococcus pneumoniae (round), Haemophilus influenzae (rod)

Question 10

Dominant normal flora in the dental plaque & morphology

Answer 10

Candida albicans (round)

Question 11

Dominant normal flora in the colon & morphology

Answer 11

Enterococcus, Enterobacteriaceae (E. Coli), Pseudomonas, Candida, Clostridium, Lactobacillus

Question 12

Dominant normal flora in the vagina & morphology

Answer 12

Candida Albicans (round), Group B streptococci (child bearing)

Question 13

Prevention

Answer 13

• avoid
• immunization
• prophylaxis

Question 14

Treatment

Answer 14

• supportive care
• decrease severity
• decrease duration of disease

Question 15

Cure

Answer 15

elimination of disease caused by pathogen

Question 16

Eradication

Answer 16

eliminate pathogen

Question 17

Endogenous pathogen

Answer 17

any of the normal flora causing disease (inside derived)

Question 18

Exogenous pathogen

Answer 18

disease resulting from outside origin (viruses, etc.)

Question 19

Antimicrobials may affect the human microbiota how?

Answer 19

Can eradicate normal flora (cause yeast infections, etc.)

Question 20

Cocci is what shape?

Answer 20

-spherical shape

Question 21

Coccus

Answer 21

one

Question 22

Diplo

Answer 22

two

Question 23

Tetrad

Answer 23

four

Question 24

Strepto

Answer 24

chains

Question 25

Staphylo

Answer 25

clusters

Question 26

Bacilli is what shape?

Answer 26

Rods - Bacillus - Usually singular, can be found as diplo or in chains/stands >> streptobacillus

Question 27

Spirochete

Answer 27

very thin with several curves, flexible

Question 28

Spirilla

Answer 28

rigid rods with several curves

Question 29

Vibrio

Answer 29

short with a single curve

Question 30

Pleomorphic

Answer 30

variable shape

Question 31

Differential staining

Answer 31

-Distinguishes organisms or structures based on staining properties, cell types -Gram Stain: Denotes cell-wall composition Positive (+) = purple ; Negative (-) = pink -Acid fast staining

Question 32

Components of Gram staining

Answer 32

- Crystal violet - Iodine - Ethanol - Safranin

Question 33

Crystal violet in gram staining does?

Answer 33

Turns all cells purple

Question 34

Iodine in gram staining does?

Answer 34

as mordant, binds to form a complex with crystal violet. (less lipo penetrate)

Question 35

Ethanol in gram staining does?

Answer 35

punches holes in the PM of gram neg and allows complex out

Question 36

Safranin in gram staining does?

Answer 36

functions as a counterstain

Question 37

Acid fast stain

Answer 37

-Look at organisms with waxy or thick cell walls If acid fast positive (+) = pink/red i.e. mycobacterium (thick, resistant, waxy coat) Acid fast negative (-) = blue

Question 38

Components of acid fast staining

Answer 38

Carbolfushin: primary stain Heat Phenol: acid alcohol rinse Methylene blue: Counter stain

Question 39

Gram Positive Cocci Determination

Answer 39

- Catalase test - Coagulase test - Hemolysis test

Question 40

Catalase test

Answer 40

-Positive = bubble catalase present = Staphylococcus Next perform Coagulase test -Negative = no bubbles = Streptococcus Next perform Hemolysis test

Question 41

Coagulase test

Answer 41

``` Positive = clumping = fibrogenin to fibrin = S. areus Negative = no clumping = S. epidermis ```

Question 42

Hemolysis test

Answer 42

Beta hemolysis = plate is clear/dark = full hemolysis = S. pyogenes (Group A) Alpha hemolysis = plate is yellow/bit opaque = partial hemolysis = S. viridans (Group B) Gamma hemolysis = no hemolysis has occurred = Entrococcus