exercise🤸‍♀️

Question 1

what are long fibres in skeletal muscle good for

Answer 1

rapid movement

Question 2

what are short fibres in skeletal muscle good for

Answer 2

large forces

Question 3

what are the 3 fibre types

Answer 3

type 1 -slow
type 2a -fast
type 2b -fast

Question 4

features of slow twitch type 1 muscle fibres

Answer 4

oxidative

red

prolonged endurance activity

Question 5

features of fast twitch type 2a muscle fibres

Answer 5

red

either endurance or rapid force

quickly fatigue

Question 6

features of fast twitch type 2b muscle fibres

Answer 6

white - low myoglobin

rapid force production

quickly fatigue
glycolytic metabolism

Question 7

what do the 3 diff fiber types look like on a microscope

Answer 7

type 1 = dark

type 2a = light

type 2b = medium

Question 8

what are two types of muscle contraction

Answer 8

isometric
isotonic

Question 9

what is isometric muscle contraction

Answer 9

contraction against resistance where length of muscle remains the same
eg holding a weight in your hand with arm outstretched

Question 10

what is isotonic muscle contraction + the two types?

Answer 10

contraction against resistance where length of muscle changes

concentric = in direction of contraction    
eccentric - opposite to direction of contraction

Question 11

what is the result of endurance exercise training

Answer 11

increased mitochondrial function

hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) involved in gene control of red muscle cell production and regulation of glycolytic enzymes

increased haemoglobin conc

Question 12

how is creatine phosphate made

Answer 12

resting muscle =ATP + creatine -> Creatine phosphate + ADP -> creatine phosphate -> creatine + atp in active muscle

Question 13

what small molecules are produced in the cirtic acid cycle

Answer 13

1x ATP
3X NADH
1X FADH2

Question 14

brief pathway of how pyruvate forms ATP in aerobic krebs cycle

Answer 14

pyruvate -> acetyl CoA -> mitochondria -> ATP

Question 15

brief pathway of how pyruvate forms ATP in anaerobic pathway

Answer 15

pyruvate -> lactic acid -> liver -> ATP

Question 16

what is gluconeogenesis

Answer 16

synthesis of new glucose from noncarbohydrate precursor

Question 17

what is energy changes in intense short term exercise, 10-15sec, up to 2 min, several mins

Answer 17

10-15 sec

-creatine phosphate
-ATP

up to 2 mins

-glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate

several minutes

-lactic acid build up
-oxygen debt
-about 2L of oxygen required to replenish ATP and creatine phosphate

Question 18

what are the energy changes in longer less intense exercise?

Answer 18

glycogen from circulation

glucose from plasma

hepatic glucose production increases
-short term glycogenolysis
-longer term gluconeogenesis

-muscle proteolysis
-glucagon and insulin
-fatty acid release

Question 19

what happens during the recovery phase of exercise +what are the 2 components

Answer 19

-fast component
->resting levels of ATP and CP restores
-slow component
->lactic acid converted to glucose in liver
->lactic acid converted to pyruvic acid

Question 20

what is the role of the respiratory system during exercise and how does it change to reflect this

Answer 20

to meet the increased oxygen demand
-increase in ventilation rate
-increased in tidal volume

Question 21

what 8 things control respiration

Answer 21

psychological

cns

co2

h+ ion level

O2 level

pulmonary stretch receptors

peripheral joint receptors

body temperature

Question 22

what happens to blood gas levels in arteries and veins during respiration and exercise

Answer 22

not much.
-arterial O2 and venous CO2 do not change significantly during exercise
because:
- respiratory system can provide adequate aeration

Question 23

what changes happen to oxygen consumption during exercise?

Answer 23

oxygen consumption increases

similar rate for first few seconds

reaches steady state where lactate acid accumulation is minimal

VO2max = when steady state oxygen consumption does not increase with work intensity

Question 24

when can u exercise past VO2 max?

Answer 24

when u produce an increased lactic acid accumulation
-age - decreases after 25
-sex - lower for females
-activity - improves with activity

Question 25

what happens in the lungs themselves

Answer 25

o2 and co2 diffusion capacity increases with exercise

Question 26

what changes happen to the heart during exercise

Answer 26

increase cardiac output

-increase stroke volume

-increase heart rate

Question 27

how is cardiac output controlled

Answer 27

increased activity to sympathetic nervous system increases stroke volume in ventricular myocardium
decreased activity to parasympathetic nervous system increases heart rate via SA node
increase cardiac output

Question 28

what is stroke volume - what is CVS and TPR

Answer 28

the amount of blood expelled by the heart in each beat

CVS= central venous pressure changes diastolic filling pressure therefore more blood available to fill heart

TPR = total peripheral resistance changes ability to expel blood into arterial system

Question 29

how is stroke volume controlled?

Answer 29

-increased venous return, increases end-diastolic volume
-increase sympathetic activity/epinephrine - increase contractility
-decrease arterial pressure
- increase stroke volume

Question 30

what is starling’s law

Answer 30

the more full the heart is the harder it will contract increasing the stroke volume (ventricular performance)

force of contraction related to how stretched the cardiac muscle is

Question 31

how does control of heart shift during exercise change

Answer 31

during exercise, heart control shifts from parasympathetic (cPNA) to sympathetic (cSNA)

during recovery shifts back to cPNA

Question 32

what are the benefits of exercise

Answer 32

reduced BP

increased circulating HDL and reduced triglycerides

changes in arterial wall homeostasis reducing atherosclerotic disease

improved aortic valve function and reduction in calcification

increased ventricular chamber wall thickness

increased red cells

changes in cardiac vasculature to increase o2 availability

Question 33

how does exercising affect depression

Answer 33

moderate clinical effect in a decline in depression

long term follow up on mood found in favour of exercise

no more effective than psychological or pharmacological treatments

important for those who do not want pharmacological treatments

Question 34

how may exercise affect RA

Answer 34

2/3 RA patients may suffer from muscle wastage

higher risk of low bone density from RA - high intensity weight bearing exercise mitigates this

joint health - resistance training can increase tendon stiffness + strengthen connective tissues

cyclic loading enhances cartilage integrity and joint lubrication

mobility exercise to increase range of motion