Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio Lab 1114 > Exercise 3B > Flashcards

Exercise 3B Flashcards

1
Q

what is phylogeny?

A

a hypothesis of evolutionary relationship among organisms being studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are occipital condyles?

A

the number and position of condyles is functionally related to an animal’s ability to move its head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a gizzard?

A

a muscular portion of the stomach

the muscle action along with the tough lining of cuticle as well as grit that is ingested, aid in the grinding of fibrous foods such as seeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a urogenital system?

A

the bladder was a new structure evolved in the tetra pods in which urine is stored before being excreted

urine storage is beneficial on land for sanitary reason and in water conservation

a swim bladder is not a urinary bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

nitrogenous waste

A

land vertebrates convert ammonia to urea or uric acid before excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the two types of metabolisms?

A

ectothermy - body temperatures is dependent on external environment

endothermy - body temperature is controlled either internally by metabolic processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

reproductive system

A

amniotic egg: does the egg have extra embryonic membranes? (ex. amniote)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is ankylosed?

A

when the quadrate bone is fused in an immovable articulation with the squamate and/or quadratojugal bones

mammals and birds have fused quadrate bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are synapomorphies?

A

shared, derived traits

a synapomorphic character state is a trait that is ancestral and inferred to have been present in their most distant common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

traits of amphibians

A 
occipital condyles: 2
digits on hind limbs: 5
gizzard: no
bladder: yes
nitrogenous waste: urea
metabolism: ecto
amnion: no
hemipenis: no
quadrate fusion: yes
temporal holes: 0
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

traits of mammals

A 
occipital condyles: 2
digits on hind limbs: 5
gizzard: no
bladder: yes
nitrogenous waste: urea
metabolism: endo
amnion: yes
hemipenis: no
quadrate fusion: yes
temporal holes: 1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

traits of birds

A 
occipital condyles: 1
digits on hind limbs: 4
gizzard: yes
bladder: no
nitrogenous waste: uric acid
metabolism: endo
amnion: yes
hemipenis: no
quadrate fusion: yes
temporal holes: 2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

traits of lizards

A 
occipital condyles: 1
digits on hind limbs: 5
gizzard: no
bladder: no
nitrogenous waste: uric acid
metabolism: ecto
amnion: yes
hemipenis: yes
quadrate fusion: no
temporal holes: 2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

traits of snakes

A 
occipital condyles: 1
digits on hind limbs: 0
gizzard: no
bladder: no
nitrogenous waste: uric acid
metabolism: ecto
amnion: yes
hemipenis: yes
quadrate fusion: no
temporal holes: 2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

traits of land turtle

A 
occipital condyles: 1
digits on hind limbs: 2
gizzard: no
bladder: no
nitrogenous waste: uric acid
metabolism: ecto
amnion: yes
hemipenis: no
quadrate fusion: yes
temporal holes: 0
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

traits of alligator

A 
occipital condyles: 1
digits on hind limbs: 4
gizzard: yes
bladder: no
nitrogenous waste: uric acid
metabolism: ecto
amnion: yes
hemipenis: no
quadrate fusion: yes
temporal holes: 2
17
Q

what’s a symplesiomoprhy?

A

a shared ancestral character state

an ancestral trait shared by 2 or more taxa

18
Q

every synapomorphy is a symplesiomoprhy. why?

A

a node represents a synapomorphy and the distant nodes from branches represent symplesiomorphy

19
Q

what does a * on a cladogram represent?

A

homoplazy

the trait evolved twice separately

convergent evolution

20
Q

what is the CI?

A

consistency index: one measure of the relative amount of homoplasy in a tree

1 means the tree has no homoplasy and all characters are homologies

a CI of .7 means that 70% of the data are good representation of the defined resolution and 30% is not a good representations

21
Q

how do you calculate CI?

A

CI is calculated by dividing the total number of character changes possible for a tree by the actual observed number of character changes

CI = E(n-1)/character state changes

character stage change = tick mark

n = # of character states (so when you’re coding and you have 0, 1, 2 –> you have 3 character states and n-1 is 2)

22
Q

what is a sister group?

A

groups that separate from a node

Bio Lab 1114 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions