Exercise Flashcards
(18 cards)
What is the difference between physical activity and exercise?
Physical activity refers to any movement that expends energy. Exercise is planned/structured movement to improve fitness.
Name some of the health benefits of exercise
Cardiorespiratory health, cardiovascular health, mental health, pregnancy health, obesity, hypertension, dementia
What is the EPIC study?
A cohort study to assess effects of PA on all cause mortality risk. PA was measured using self reported questionnaires. All cause mortality risk was assessed using central and abdominal adiposity measurements (waist:hip ratio). Found that 2 lowest physical activity groups showed the biggest different in mortality risk. Suggests even small increases in PA can impact on mortality risk.
Who are the two researches involved in initially relating PA with health?
Jerry Morris - Bus driver/conductor - CHD
Ralph Paffenberger - heavy/light dock workers - MI
Explain the link between Exercise and AD. Discuss any studies involved.
Australian Women’s Healthy Ageing Project (AWHAP). Cohort study with 387 women aged 45-55. Measured cognitive function at baseline and 20 years later. Self reported exercise. Found that increase in mid-late life exercise increases memory recall.
Other studies have also found links that aerobic (not weight, resistance) exercises increase size of hippocampus. Direct impact through release of growth factors. Also found to indirectly affect cognitive decline by reducing stress and increasing sleep quality.
Explain the link between Exercise and GDM. Discuss any studies involved.
RCT. Group of pregnant women with low exercise levels. Randomly assigned exercise levels. Group with highest exercise level found to have lower GDM. 30% reduction in risk.
Explain the link between Exercise and Osteoporosis. Discuss any studies involved.
RCT - 2 groups - one assigned weight bearing exercise, one assigned non weight bearing exercises. Measured BMD of femur, lumbar spine and distal radius and QoL. Found weight bearing increased BMD and QoL in late life.
Explain the link between Exercise and Cancer. Discuss any studies involved.
Cohort - over 53,000 post menopausal women. 20 year follow up. Those who walked/cycled 4 hours per day or 2 hours of sport had 10% reduction of breast cancer risk. Used the Baecke questionnaire.
National Cancer Insititue Study - Meta Analysis of 12 large cohort studies. Identified certain cancers (lung, colon) had higher rates in low exercise. Certain cancers (melanoma) had higher rates in high exercise. Doesn’t confirm that exercise causes cancer, but is a risk factor.
Why is it important to accurately measure exercise levels for studies?
Assess effect of association with outcome
Assess impact of interventions
Compare populations accurately
What are the CMO recommended weekly exercise amounts?
Intense - 75 mins (can’t hold a conversation)
Moderate - 150 mins
What study describes how different subjective and objective recordings are?
Public health England study - objective measurements found that 39% of men and 29% of women said they me the CMO amount. Objective measurements found that only 6% of men and 4% of women did,
What are the ways of self reporting exercise?
Baecke Questionnaire
RPAQ Questionnaire
What are the issues with self reporting exercise?
Recall Bias
Reporting Bias
Mode to mean bias
What is the RPAQ Questionnaire
Recent Physical Activity Questionnaire. Split into sections regarding occupational, home, recreation. Validation using objective measurements found correlation between 0.20 and 0.76.
Describe some objective measurements of exercise
Double labelled water - gold standard for measuring energy expenditure. Hydrogen and oxygen replaced with deuterium and Oxygen-18 - measures CO2 release. Expensive. Doesnt give indication of the type of exercise, or patterns.
Wearable sensors - accelerometer, pedometer - gives idea of kind of exercise. Produces estimation of energy used - no standardisation between devices - how does device calculate
GPS - allows review of where exercise occurs - public health monitoring - assess impact of implementation of facilities - where resources should be allocated.
What are the differences between self reported and objective measurements?
Self reported - quick, easy, gives history of exercise, low burden
Objective - accurate, low bias, continuous monitoring
Describe the change in exercise over time.
Elderly - reduced in population - cohort study found that decreased due to poor health and lack of interest. Most important reason was to maintain health.
SES - higher SES increases PA levels. Study looked at the different type of PA.
Transport PA
Occupational PA
Housing PA
Lesure Time PA
Actually only found a decrease in LTPA, other domains were similar if not higher in low SES.
Discuss the evidence for association between PA and depression?
Paffenberger - assessed Harvard students questionnaires in 62, 66, 77 and 88. Found that those with increased PA had lower reported symptoms of poor mental health.
More recent study of over 5,800 americans using the national comorbidity survey found that those with increased PA had reduced anxiety and depression.
