Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics (Paper 2)

Question 1

Scalar

Answer 1

Measurement based on size OR magnitude

Question 2

Vector

Answer 2

Measurement based on size AND magnitude

Question 3

Name some scalar values.

Answer 3

Mass
Speed
Distance

Question 4

Name some vector values

Answer 4

Weight (mass x gravity= weight)
Velocity (Displacement/ time taken)
Acceleration (Change in velocity/ time)
Displacement
Momentum (mass x velocity)

Question 5

What is an impulse?

Answer 5

The time it takes a force to be applied to an object/body (force x time = impulse)

Question 6

Where do you find first class lever systems?

Answer 6

ONLY in the neck and elbow extension (upwards)

Question 7

Where do you find second class lever systems?

Answer 7

ONLY in the ankle joint

Question 8

Where do you find third class lever systems?

Answer 8

Exists in all other existing joints

Question 9

What is the resistance arm?

Answer 9

The distance between the resistance and fulcrum

Question 10

What is the effort arm?

Answer 10

The distance between the effort and the fulcrum

Question 11

What happens when the effort arm is greater than the resistance arm?

Answer 11

You can move the object

Question 12

Second lever system mechanical advantage and mechanical disadvantage:

Answer 12

Mechanical advantage: Move heavier loads (Effort arm is greater)
Mechanical disadvantage: Slow speeds of movement

Question 13

Third lever system: mechanical advantage and mechanical disadvantage:

Answer 13

Mechanical advantage: faster speeds of movement

Mechanical disadvantage: can’t lift heavy loads (resistance arm is greater than effort arm)

Question 14

What is drag force?

Answer 14

The resistance force caused by the motion of a body travelling through fluid

Question 15

What is surface drag?

Answer 15

Friction between the surface of an object and the fluid environment

Question 16

What is form drag?

Answer 16

Drag affected by the form/shape of the object/ body i.e the shape of a cyclists streamline helmet

Question 17

Give ways to reduce drag.

Answer 17

Streamline object/equipment/body
Thin/high pressured tyres
Reduce surface friction i.e clothing

Question 18

How is lift force imparted to a discus during flight? (CLUE: Bernoulli Principle)

Answer 18

Lift force created when there is fast moving air above the discus and slow moving air on the bottom.
Slow moving air = high pressure, moves to low concentration of pressure
Creates lift force

Question 19

Give examples of acute (immediate) sporting injuries

Answer 19

Sprains (LIGAMENTS)
Strains (muscles/TENDONS)
Concussion
Fractures
Dislocation

Question 20

Give examples of chronic injuries

Answer 20

Shin splints
Stress fractures
Arthritis
Osgood Schlatter

Question 21

Give and describe the different types of fractures

Answer 21

Stable > Broken ends of bone line up and barely out of place
Open > Skin pierced by bone or by a blow that breaks the skin at time of fracture
Transverse > Horizontal fracture line
Oblique > Fracture has angled pattern
Comminuted > Bone shatters in three or more places

Question 22

Give symptoms of fractures

Answer 22

Soreness
Pain/swelling
Deformity
Loss of function

Question 23

Describe tendonitis

Answer 23

Overuse of Achilles tendon

Common in runners who suddenly increase intensity or duration of runs

Question 24

Describe Tennis elbow

Answer 24

Inflammation of the tendons of the elbow due to overuse

Question 25

Name different causes of injury

Answer 25

``` Impact: opponent/ground Playing surface i.e frozen pitch Equipment i.e improper use Breaking rules Repetitive strain injury ```

Question 26

Name preventative measures to injury

Answer 26

``` Abide by the rules Use equipment correctly Warm up Maintain fitness levels Protective clothing Allow adequate recovery time ```

Question 27

RICE

Answer 27

Rest Ice - reduces swelling and restricts blood flow Compression - as above Elevate - to reduce swelling

Question 28

What is proprioceptive training as a rehabilitation method?

Answer 28

After injury, proprioception is impaired Balance work, hopping and jumping restore function to proprioceptors Wobble bands are used to strengthen sprained ankles

Question 29

What is strength training as a rehabilitative method?

Answer 29

Form of resistance to build up muscles and surrounding injured area Free weights > Stabilise weight as well as lifting it Machine weights Body weight Therabands > light resistance bands

Question 30

How do hyperbaric chambers help with rehabilitation?

Answer 30

Reduces pressure at injured area/ reduces swelling Delivers O2 at high pressure 100% pure O2 so haemoglobin is fully saturated O2 reaches parts of the body not usually saturated Increases WBC activity, RBC formation and blood supply

Question 31

How do cryotherapy chambers help with rehabilitation?

Answer 31

Reduces pain and inflammation Cooled by liquid nitrogen to -100 degreesC Blood flows from extremities toward vital organs Blood will return back saturated with O2 to help heal injured cells

Question 32

How does hydrotherapy help as a rehabilitation method?

Answer 32

Takes place in warm water, increasing blood circulation Exercise made easier Reduces load on joints Strengthens muscles due to working against water resistance

Question 33

Name some recovery methods

Answer 33

Compression garments > Reduce inflammation and symptoms associated with DOMS Foam rollers > Release muscle tension Massage > Increase blood flow to soft tissue, so more O2 Ice baths

Question 34

Why is sleep important for recovery?

Answer 34

Brain waves slow down, so more blood flow redirected to injured areas Restores energy

Question 35

Why is nutrition important for recovery?

Answer 35

Muscle glycogen needs to be replenished | Should be replenished within 20 minute window to enhance performance

Question 36

What is angular momentum?

Answer 36

The quantity of rotation Angular momentum is constant Angular momentum = moment of inertia x angular velocity Moment of inertia = reluctance to rotate the body Angular velocity = speed of rotation

Question 37

What is the conservation of angular momentum?

Answer 37

Angular momentum will remain the same/ constant until external torque acts upon it The body will keep spinning until the opposing force is greater

Question 38

What happens when moment of inertia decreases?

Answer 38

The angular velocity increases as the body spins faster in the air

Question 39

How do you slow down angular velocity and increase moment of inertia?

Answer 39

Spread limbs out in the air to cause more drag

Question 40

How does a gymnast rotate faster in the air, when performing a somersault?

Answer 40

The gymnast will reduce their body surface area, which will increase angular velocity, and decrease moment of inertia. Overall angular momentum will be increased.