ExMockup Flashcards
(28 cards)
What is latent tuberculosis?
Latent tuberculosis occurs when a person is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis but does not show symptoms and is not contagious.
Why does latent tuberculosis represent a public health problem?
Latent TB serves as a reservoir for future cases and can reactivate, posing challenges for disease elimination.
What is an example of a genotyping method suited for short-time or local epidemiology?
Multi-locus Sequence Typing (MLST).
What is the principle of Multi-locus Sequence Typing (MLST)?
MLST sequences internal fragments of multiple housekeeping genes to distinguish closely related strains.
What is an example of a genotyping method suited for long-term or global epidemiology?
Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS).
What is the principle of Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS)?
WGS analyzes the entire genome of a pathogen for evolutionary and global epidemiological studies.
What is single-molecule sequencing?
A method that reads DNA or RNA directly without amplification.
What are advantages of single-molecule sequencing?
It generates long reads and enables direct RNA sequencing with modification analysis.
What are disadvantages of single-molecule sequencing?
It has lower accuracy than short-read methods and is expensive.
What is the core genome?
The set of genes shared by all strains of a species.
What is the accessory genome?
Genes present in some but not all strains, often related to adaptation.
What is the pangenome?
The total set of genes in all strains of a species, including core and accessory genomes.
What is reference-based assembly?
It aligns sequencing reads to a known reference genome.
What are advantages of reference-based assembly?
It is faster and less computationally intensive.
What are limitations of reference-based assembly?
It depends on the quality of the reference and may miss novel sequences.
What is de novo assembly?
A method that assembles reads without a reference, creating a genome from scratch.
What are advantages of de novo assembly?
It can detect novel or highly divergent sequences.
What are limitations of de novo assembly?
It is computationally intensive and struggles with repetitive regions.
How does Streptococcus agalactiae cause severe infections in newborns?
It colonizes the maternal vaginal tract and can infect newborns during birth, causing sepsis, pneumonia, or meningitis.
What are strategies to prevent group B streptococcal infections in newborns?
Screening pregnant women and providing antibiotics during labor if positive.
What are consequences of multi-resistant bacteria for health care?
Increased mortality, longer hospital stays, higher costs, and the need for new treatments.
What are causes of increasing antimicrobial resistance?
Overuse of antibiotics, poor infection control, global travel, and lack of rapid diagnostics.
What is endemic?
A disease consistently present in a specific geographic area or population.
What is an example of an endemic disease?
Malaria in certain parts of Africa.
