Exocrine and Endocrine Glands

Question 1

what is a gland?

Answer 1

a functional unit of cells that work together to create and release product

Question 2

which type of gland secretes directly into the bloodstream?

Answer 2

endocrine glands

Question 3

which type of gland secretes into a ductal system?

Answer 3

exocrine

Question 4

is the hypothalamus an exocrine gland?

Answer 4

no

Question 5

is the pancreas an endocrine gland?

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

are the thyroid and parathyroid glands exocrine or endocrine?

Answer 6

endocrine

Question 7

what is the function of the thyroid?

Answer 7

produce thyroid hormone (thyroxine, triiodothyronine)

produce calcitonin

Question 8

what does the pancreas secrete?

Answer 8

insulin and glucagon

Question 9

what is the control centre of the endocrine system that controls all the hormones of the body?

Answer 9

the pituitary gland

Question 10

what is the anterior pituitary known as?

Answer 10

adenohypophysis

Question 11

what is the posterior pituitary known as?

Answer 11

neurohypophysis

Question 12

what is the Adenohypohysis made of?

Answer 12

• Pars distalis
• Pars tuberalis
• Pars intermedia

Question 13

what is the neurohypophysis made of?

Answer 13

• Pars nervosa
• Median emminence
• Infundibular stalk

Question 14

what controls the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary?

Answer 14

regulating hormones produced by the hypothalamic neuron

Question 15

what are paracrine hormones?

Answer 15

hormones that effect nearby cells

Question 16

what accounts for 75% of hypophyseal tissue?

Answer 16

pars distalis

Question 17

what glandular cells are found in the pars distalis?

Answer 17

basophils, acidophils, chromophobes

Question 18

what are all the hormones of the adenohypophysis made of?

Answer 18

protein or glycoprotein

Question 19

what is the most dominant cell type in the pars distalis?

Answer 19

acidophils

Question 20

what are the subtypes of acidophils and what do they secrete?

Answer 20

somatotrophs secrete growth hormone

mammotrophs secrete prolactin

Question 21

what are the subtypes of basophils and what do they secrete?

Answer 21

Thyrotrophs produce thyroid stimulating hormone
Gonadotrophs produce FSH and LH
Corticotrophs (or adrenocorticolipotrophs) secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin) and lipotropin (LPH).

Question 22

what does LH stimulate?

Answer 22

production of testosterone by Leydig cells in males in addition to late follicular maturation, oestrogen secretion and formation of corpus luteum in females

Question 23

what do chromophobe cells represent?

Answer 23

acidophil and basophilic cells in a dormant or recently degranulated stage, are weakly stained

Question 24

what does the neurohypophysis consist of?

Answer 24

unmyelinated nerve fibres derived from neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei and
pituicytes

Question 25

what are dilations of hypothalamic nerve fibres called?

Answer 25

herring bodies

Question 26

what hormones are secreted by the neurohypophysis?

Answer 26

- Release-inhibiting and releasing factors, which regulate the activity of the adenohypophysis - oxytocin - antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin)

Question 27

what does oxytocin stimulate?

Answer 27

the contraction of smooth muscle cell in the uterus and participates in the milk ejection reflex

Question 28

what does adh facillitate?

Answer 28

the concentration of urine in the kidneys and, thereby, the retention of water

Question 29

what surrounds the pineal body?

Answer 29

pia mater, which functions as its capsule and which sends connective tissue septa into the pineal body, subdividing it into lobules

Question 30

what are the cells of the pineal body?

Answer 30

pinealocytes and astrocytes

Question 31

what does the pineal body secrete?

Answer 31

melatonin

Question 32

what does the thyroid consist of?

Answer 32

rounded cysts, follicles, which are separated by scant interfollicular connective tissue

Question 33

what is the secretory product of the follicular cell of the thyroid?

Answer 33

colloid, which contain thyroxine and thriiodothyronine

Question 34

does the thyroid contain c cells?

Answer 34

yes

Question 35

what do thyroid hormones increase?

Answer 35

metabolic activity in almost all tissues and organs

Question 36

what is the function of calcitonin?

Answer 36

decreases blood calcium concentration by inhibiting the resorption of bone (primarily by inhibiting osteoclast activity)

Question 37

where are the parathyroid glands found?

Answer 37

four small oval bodies located at the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

Question 38

what are the cell types found in the parathyroid gland?

Answer 38

chief cells and oxyphilic cells

Question 39

what do chief cells synthesize?

Answer 39

parathyroid hormone which regulates calcium levels

Question 40

what regulates the negative feedback loop of the release of calcitonin by c cells and parathyroid hormone by cheif cells?

Answer 40

blood calcium concentrations

Question 41

what do the adrenal glands consist of?

Answer 41

outer cortex and inner medulla

Question 42

what are the three zones of the cortex?

Answer 42

the zona glomerulosa (accounting for about 15% of the cortical thickness), the zona fasciculata (about 75%) and the zona reticularis(about 10%)

Question 43

is the zona glomerulosa influenced by ACTH?

Answer 43

nope

Question 44

what hormones does the cortex produce?

Answer 44

steroids

Question 45

what do cortical cells contain?

Answer 45

large amounts of smooth endoplasmatic reticulum and lipid droplets

Question 46

what are the types of corticosteroids?

Answer 46

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) and glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Question 47

what is the function of aldosterone?

Answer 47

regulates the resorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the tubules of the kidney

Question 48

what is the function of cortisol?

Answer 48

effects protein catabolism in almost all cells aside from liver cells, gluconeogenesis, glycogen storage, mobilisation of fat from adipocytes, anti-inflammatory effects, inhibition of allergic reactions

Question 49

where are sex hormones produced?

Answer 49

the zona reticularis of the cortex

Question 50

where are mineralocorticoids produced?

Answer 50

in the zona glomerulosa of the cortex

Question 51

is the adrenal medulla essential for life?

Answer 51

nah