EXOSKELETAL STRUCTURES OF VERTEBRATES Flashcards by Jasmine Juit

The scales of fishes are derived from the __ and are therefore __ in origin

dermis
mesodem

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(3) parts of the exoskeleton (scale) of fishes

basal plate or root
spine
pulp cavity

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part of the exoskeleton (scales) of fish
the dermal embedded, flat,
bony base of the scale.

basal plate or root

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part of the exoskeleton (scales) of fish
a shiny curved dermal outgrowth directed caudad and erupts from the epidermis.

spine

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part of the exoskeleton (scales) of fish
cavity found at the center of the basal plate and spine

pulp cavity

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spine of the scales of fishes
Consists of __ that is covered with a hard layer of __. (Both are of __ origin).

dentine
vitrodentine
mesodermal

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(3) types of scales of fishes

cycloid scale
ctenoid scale
ganoid scale

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type of scales of fishes
The scale is roughly circular, fluted, thin, and flexible. Note that the scale is made up of __. The expected free half is smooth and cleft. The embedded portion of the scale constitutes the other half if fluted

cycloid scale
concentric ridges

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type of scales of fishes
is also thin and with ridges. The basal embedded portion is scalloped. The free edge, on the other hand, hears numerous
comb-like or tooth-like projections called __ or __.

ctenoid scale
ctenidia
teeth

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type of scales of fishes
The scale is rhomboidal in shape and covered by a hard, shiny, translucent material called __, which is mesodermal in origin. The edges are darkly stained due
to the presence of ganoin

ganoid scale
ganoin

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dorsa side of the carapace (turtle)
Examine the large, thin horny, __
covering the surface of the carapace. Its boundaries are
marked by grooves.

epidermal scutes

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(5) parts of the dorsal/outer view of the carapace

neural scutes
coastal scutes
marginal scute
nuchal scutes
pygal scutes

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part of the dorsal/outer view of the carapace
a median row of five scutes.

neural scutes

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part of the dorsal/outer view of the carapace
a lateral row of four pairs of scutes

coastal scutes

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part of the dorsal/outer view of the carapace
a circular row of 25 scutes
consisting of

marginal scutes

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part of the dorsal/outer view of the carapace
an anterior, smaller, median
unpaired scutes

nuchal scutes

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part of the dorsal/outer view of the carapace
two median posterior scutes

pygal scutes

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Observe that the scutes can be removed from the carapace but its boundaries are not the same as that of the underlying plates. Scutes are epidermal, therefore
__ in embryonic origin

ectodermal

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ventral side of the carapace (turtle)
Observe the continuation or extension of the marginal scutes covering the margin of the underside, called __. The ventral surface is made up of heavy bony plates, which are dermal or mesodermal in origin. The plates are fused to the vertebrae or ribs and are bounded by jagged sutures

inframarginal scutes

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(4) parts of the ventral side of the carapace

marginal scutes
nuchal scutes
marginal plates
pygal plates

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part of the ventral side of the carapace
a circle or marginal row of 24
plates

marginal plates

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part of the ventral side of the carapace
an anterior, large, unpaired median plate

nuchal plate

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part of the ventral side of the carapace
a total of eleven paired marginal
plates

marginal plates

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part of the ventral side of the carapace
an unpaired median posterior plate

pygal plate

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dorsal view of the plastron Like in the carapace, the plastron is also made up of bony dermal plates covered by __ bounded by sutures.

horny epidermal scutes

(5) parts of the dorsal view of plastron

epiplastra entoplastron hyoplastra hypoplastra xiphiplastra

part of the dorsal view of plastron the most anterior small pair of plates

epiplastra

part of the dorsal view of plastron an unpaired median plate posterior to the epiplastra and provided with a posteriorly projecting point

entoplastron

part of the dorsal view of plastron a pair of squarish plates immediately posterior to the entoplastron

hyoplastron

part of the dorsal view of plastron a pair of squarish plates immediately posterior to the hyoplastra.

hypoplastra

part of the dorsal view of plastron a pair of squarish plates immediately posterior to the hypoplastra

xiphiplastron

dorsal view of the plastron ___ scutes cover the bridges

irregular inframarginal

(6) parts of the ventral view of the plastron

gular scutes humeral scutes pectoral scutes adominal scutes femoral scutes anal scutes

part of the ventral view of the plastron the most anterior and smallest pair of scutes.

gular scutes

part of the ventral view of the plastron a pair of squarish scutes immediately posterior to the gular scutes

humeral scutes

part of the ventral view of the plastron a pair of squarish scutes immediately posterior to the humeral

pectoral scutes

part of the ventral view of the plastron a pair of squarish scutes immediately posterior to the pectoral.

abdominal scutes

part of the ventral view of the plastron a pair of squarish scutes immediately posterior to the abdominal

femoral scutes

part of the ventral view of the plastron a pair of small scutes immediately posterior to the femoral.

anal scutes

type of exoskeleton of snakes

epidermal scales

(10) parts of the exoskeleton of the head of snakes

frontal plate parietals supraorbitals prefrontals internasals rostral nasals orbitals superior and inferior labials temporals

part of the head of the exoskeleton of snakes central and unpaired

frontal plate

part of the head of the exoskeleton of snakes two large plates posterior to the frontal

parietals

part of the head of the exoskeleton of snakes paired plates, somewhat oblongated and situated between the frontal plates and eyes

supraorbitals

part of the head of the exoskeleton of snakes paired plates anterior to the frontal

prefrontals

part of the head of the exoskeleton of snakes paired, anterior to the prefrontals and between the nasals

internasals

part of the head of the exoskeleton of snakes unpaired plate, covering the extremity of the snout

rostral

part of the head of the exoskeleton of snakes plates surrounding the paired nostrils

nasals

part of the head of the exoskeleton of snakes small plates surrounding each eye. The number depends on the kind of species.

orbitals

part of the head of the exoskeleton of snakes situated on the edge of the upper and lower lips,respectively

superior and inferior labials

part of the head of the exoskeleton of snakes situated posterior to the orbitals and above the superior labials.

temporals

exoskeleton of snakes in some species, the internasals are separated by a small median plate known as __

azygos

the __ and __ of snakes are entirely covered with epidermal scales

bonyy tail

exoskeleton of snakes The scales of the ventral surface of the body are short and wide slightly overlapping and called __, while those of the tail are in two rows, more or less united, and are called __.

gastrosteges urosteges

exoskeleton of snakes The last Gastrostegite is called the __. The scales of the dorsal upper of the body and tail are smaller, oblongated, and keeled with a longitudinal median ridge and are slightly overlapped. The scales are usually arranged in rows.

anal plate

exoskeleton of aves (chicken) The body of birds is almost covered entirely with feathers. The hindlimbs are covered with __ and provided with claws. The mouth is modified into __. Feathers are found in areas of the skin called __ or __, while the featherless areas found in between are called __

epidermal scales horny beaks feather tract pterylae apterylae

(3) general types of feathers

filoplume or hair feather plumule or down feather contour feather

general type of feathers fine hair that can only be seen in the young and plucked bird

filoplume or hair feather

general type of feathers fluffy covering found in young birds between the bases of the contour feather in adult birds

plumule or down feather

general type of feathers covers and gives an outline to the body

contour feather

(2) structure in filoplume or hair feather

main axis terminal barbs

structure in filoplume or hair feather a long slender shaft that is embedded in the skin and surrounded at its base by the feather follicle or root

main axis

structure in filoplume or hair feather soft rays that are borne at the distal end of the main axis. It is also provided with side rays called __, without __

terminal barbs barbules hooklets

(3) structures in plumule or down feather

quill or calamus barbs barbules

structure in plumule or down feather a basal, short, hollow stem, which is embedded in the integument

quill or calamus

structure in plumule or down feather the numerous soft rays that arise in a circle from the free end of the quill

barbs

structure in plumule or down feather minute or tiny side rays arising from each side of the barbs

barbules

contour feather arises from the __ or __

feather tracts pterylae

contour feather that is primarily used for flying

flight feather

structure in contour feather the central axis which bears on each side a web-like, flat expansion called the __

quill vane

structure in contour feather the lower bare and hollow part of the quill.

calamus

structure in contour feather the opening on the proximal end of the quill and is inserted into the feather follicle.

inferior umbilicus

structure in contour feather a ventral opening at the beginning of the vane and serves as a point where the afterfeather, a lessdeveloped tuft of accessory feather arises

superior umbilicus

structure in contour feather the solid part of the quill that supports the vane

shaft or rachis

structure in contour feather expanded portion of the quill

vane

(6) parts of the vane of contour feather

outer vane inner vane barbs barbules hooklets/barbicels umblical groove

contour feather that is primarily used to cover the body

covert feather

part of the vane of contour featherarrower side of the feather

outer vane

part of the vane of contour feather wider side of the feather

inner vane

part of the vane of contour feather parallel, obliquely placed rays that adhere to each other and arise from the rachis

barbs

part of the vane of contour feather side rays originating from each side of the barb.

barbules

part of the vane of contour feather tiny hooks situated on the lower part of each distal barbules, resulting in the barbs being hooked together

hooklets/barbicels

part of the vane of contour feather a median ventral groove that extends from the superior umbilicus to the tip of the rachis

umbilical groove

exoskeleton of mammal (cat) The body of mammals is almost entirely covered with __. The exposed part of the hair is called the __. The embedded part is called the __.

hairs shaft root

parts of mammalian hair (3)

cuticle medulla cortex

part of mammalian hair forms the surface layer of the hair

cuticle

part of mammalian hair the median innermost layer of the hair. The medulla is often absent, especially in smaller hairs

medulla

part of mammalian hair between the cuticle and medulla

cortex