Exotics Flashcards
(177 cards)
1
Q
What dose of oral fluralaner has been shown to be effective against Sarcoptes scabiei in rabbits?
A
25 mg/kg
2
Q
What was the response to oral fluralaner to treat Sarcoptes scabiei in rabbits?
A
Resolution of mites at day 45
Improvement in clinical signs at day 14 and resolution at day 30
3
Q
What is the name of the hedgehog flea?
A
Archaeopsylla erinacei
4
Q
What are the distinguishing features of the hedgehog flea Archaeopsylla erinacei?
A
Black arrow: sclerotised falx of head
White arrows: vestigial genal and pronotal combs
5
Q
Is dinotefuran, pyriproxyfen and permethrin (Vectra 3D) effective to treat fleas in rabbits?
A
Yes - effectiveness of 100% on days +2 and +7 and 82.2% and 81.6%, on days +14 and +21 against C. felis felis
6
Q
Which fur mite affects guinea pigs?
A
Chirodiscoides caviae
7
Q
White fur mite affects rabbits?
A
Leporacarus gibbus
8
Q
Have isoxazolines been used to treat demodicosis in small mammals?
A
Yes
- sarolaner/selamectin in a degu
- fluralaner in a hamster
- fluralaner in hedgehogs
- fluralaner in rabbits
9
Q
Has selamectin been reportedly effective at treating Cheyletiellosis in rabbits?
A
Yes
10
Q
Clinical demodicosis in exotic mammals, with the exception of _______, is rare.
A
Hamsters (common!)
Infection in other species such as ferrets, gerbils, guinea pigs, rabbits, and brown rats is most often associated with concurrent immunosuppression resulting from such factors as overcrowding, poor nutrition and husbandry, or concurrent disease
11
Q
Which exotic mammals are more often affected by Sarcoptes?
A
Rabbits
Ferrets
12
Q
Which exotic mammals are more often affected by Notoedres?
A
Rabbits
Hamsters
13
Q
In guinea pigs _____________ is the most important
mange ectoparasite
A
Trixacarus caviae (Sarcoptidae mite)
Also see Chirodiscoides caviae (fur mite) and Demodex caviae
14
Q
Otodectes cynotis most commonly affects which exotic mammal?
A
Ferret
15
Q
Which mite is most commonly found on pet hedgehogs?
A
Caparinia tripilis or Caparinia erinacei
16
Q
Which type of fur mites are found on mice > rats?
A
Myocoptes and Radfordia
17
Q
Cheyletiella parasitovox and __________ are the fur mites seen in rabbits
A
Leporacarus gibbus
18
Q
Dermatophilosis in reptiles can be caused by Austwickia chelonae, what are the clinical signs?
A
Dermal and subcutaneous nodules that may or may not ulcerate and contain yellow caseous material
Facial swelling and mandibular necrosis also reported in tortoises
19
Q
True or false; Erysipelas rhusiopathiae survives and grows on the exterior mucoid slime of fish without causing disease
A
True - may be a major source of infection for people
20
Q
Which birds are most often and most seriously affected by Erysipelas rhusiopathiae?
A
Turkeys
21
Q
What is the natural host for Trichophyton (Arthroderma) benhamiae? (T. mentagrophytes complex)
A
Guinea pig
22
Q
What are the most common cutaneous signs of leishmaniasis in ferrets?
A
Enlargement of peripheral lymph nodes and skin lesions such as papular and/or ulcerative dermatitis
23
Q
Which treatments have been reported for ferrets with leishmaniasis?
A
- Meglumine antimoniate plus allopurinol
2. Miltefosine plus allopurinol
24
Q
Ichthyophthiriasis is caused by the ciliate protozoan Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, popularly known as freshwater white spot disease or freshwater ich (or ick). What are the clinical signs?
A
- Excess of mucus and thickening of the epithelium followed by white spots (<1mm, pustule containing the parasite) that are most easily seen on dark areas of the body
- Also affects the gills
25
What are the three most common mites found on African pygmy hedgehogs?
Caparinia spp.
Chrioptes spp.
Sarcoptes spp.
Also see Notoedres, Otodectes and Demodex
26
True or false; Hedgehogs with heavy mite infestations often have concurrent significant fungal infections (Trichophyton erinacei, Microsporum canis, and Microsporum gypseum)
True
27
Which mites most commonly infest reptiles?
Ophionyssus natricis and Hirstiella spp.
| Case report treating with 2 mg/kg afoxolaner orally
28
Which mites most commonly affect hamsters?
```
Notoedres muris (hamster sarcoptic mite)
Myobia musculi (fur mite)
```
29
Which fungus causes white spot disease in turtles and which other system apart from the skin is infected?
Purpureocillium lilacinum
| Respiratory
30
How do you treat white spot disease in turtles?
- Malachite green (teratogenic and carcinogenic, also causing respiratory stress to fish and amphibians), formaldehyde, oral itraconazole
- Address husbandry conditions, increased water salinity
- Methylene blue
31
Which species of Aspergillus spp.is the most frequently isolated from birds? Which is the main route of infection?
Aspergillus fumigatus
| Inhalation
32
Which breeds of rabbit are predisposed to otitis?
Lop breeds
Altered ear anatomy, with folding of the pinna and stenosis of the distal external ear canal, predisposes to ceruminous accumulations.
33
Has alopecia areata been described in rabbits?
Yes
34
What were the clinical signs in a rabbit with EM?
1. Oral mucosa: diffusely inflamed with white plaques along the cheeks, tongue and soft palate.
2. Oral ulcers on the tongue and cheek.
3. Both pinnae were alopecic with dry, scaly skin.
4. Hypotrichosis, scaling, easily epilating fur under the jaw, ventrum and all four limbs.
35
Has auricular chondritis been described in rats?
Yes - in Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats
36
Has PF been reported in hedgehogs?
Yes
37
Which autoimmune disease was reported in a ferret with pustules, pruritus, bilateral symmetric crusting around mouth, chin, eyes, foot pads and prepuce, progressive anorexia and lethargy?
PF
38
Apart from bilateral symmetrical alopecia, what are the other clinical signs of hyperoestrogenism in ferrets?
- Ecchymoses and petechiation of the mucus membranes and skin.
- Vulval swelling, pallor of the mucus membranes, systolic murmurs, weak pulses, posterior paresis (due to haemorrhagic myelomalacia) and systemic infections secondary to leucopaenia.
39
Is a single application of 0.25 mL piperonyl butoxide with permethrin and topical prednisolone acetate (Scabisin Suspension, CHINOIN Veteri-naria; Mexico City, Mexico) effective at treating Psoroptes cuniculi in rabbits?
Yes
40
How long is the life cycle of Caparinia tripilis?
21 days
41
What can cause spine loss in hedgehogs?
C. tripilis/mite infestation
Dermatophytosis
Juveniles shed spines normally
42
How do you treat acariasis in hedgehogs?
1. Fluralaner (oral)
2. Imidacloprid/moxidectin
3. Ivermectin
4. Amitraz
5. Fipronil
6. Selamectin
43
Which lice affect guinea pigs?
Gyropus ovalis and Gliricola porcelli
44
Subcutaneous abscesses in guinea pigs in the cervical region may be the result of caseous lymphadenitis, caused by which bacteria?
Streptococcus zooepidemicus
45
Dermatophytosis in guinea pigs is often secondary to what?
Hypovitaminosis C
46
What do you use to treat dermatophytosis in guinea pigs?
Itraconazole
47
What are the predisposing factors for bumblefoot in rabbits, rodents and birds?
- Excess body weight,
- Lack of activity
- Improper substrate or perches (ideally use deep soft substrate, such as hay, straw, or recycled paper, perches of variable diameter)
- Anatomic or conformational abnormalities
- Poor husbandry
- Improper nutrition
- Trauma
- Behavioral conditions
48
Do rabbits have footpads?
No
49
What is the pathogenesis of bumblefoot?
Ischemia and necrosis of the soft tissues that are compressed between the bony structures of the foot and the substrate or resting surface
50
Which bacteria are associated with bumblefoot in rabbits, rodents and birds?
- Staphylococcus aureus (and Corynebacterium pyogenes): guinea pigs
- S aureus and Pasteurella multocida: rabbits
- S aureus and Escherichia coli: raptors
- Staphylococcus spp: psittacines
51
What is the most common skin lesion in Hamsters? White et al. (2020)
Nodules > alopecia/pruritus
52
Oral fluralaner has been used as a treatment for which ectoparasites in a golden (Syrian) hamster?
Demodex aurati (cigar shaped) and Demodex criceti (short bodied)
53
What causes ‘brown spot’ disease in crocodiles?
| Brown or red lesions of varying size
Dermatophilus spp.
| - improve husbandry conditions, particularly heating and treating (UV or chlorine) the water
54
Fluralaner has been reportedly effective at treating which natural mite infestation in hens?
Northern fowl mite- Ornithonyssus sylviarum
55
What are the most common skin diseases of guinea pigs?
Pododermatitis and infestation with Trixacarus caviae or lice
56
What are the most common skin tumours in guinea pigs?
Benign follicular tumours: trichoepithelioma, trichofolliculoma (most common) and follicular cyst
57
Ovarian cysts are nonfunctional, fluid-filled cysts that develop spontaneously near the ovaries throughout the female guinea pig’s reproductive cycle; what effect do they have?
Cysts are associated with elevated hormones, such as estrogen, leading to irregular reproductive cycles, persistent heat, hair loss, and infertility (>15m of age)
58
Potentially serious uterine disorders (eg, leiomyomas, uterine cancer) can occur in conjunction with which other reproductive disease in guinea pigs?
Ovarian cysts
59
How do you treat ovarian cysts in guinea pigs?
- Ovariohysterectomy or ovariectomy.
- Some guinea pigs may respond to medical management with specific hormone injections, sometimes coupled with palliative fluid removal from the cysts
60
What clinical signs are seen with demodicosis in ferrets?
Alopecia and erythema of the periocular skin and forefeet
61
Have dermatophytic mycetomas been reported in ferrets?
Yes - Trichophyton spp. and M. canis
62
Do birds have sweat glands?
No - prone to hyperthermia
63
Which part of the feather can be used for cytology?
The contents of the calamus
64
What can be used to help maintain the structure of the sample and surrounding skin when taking skin biopsies in birds?
Acetate tape on the skin
65
IDT can be performed in birds - what is different cf dogs and cats?
Histamine is not a good positive control in birds, codeine phosphate at a concentration of 1 : 100 000 w/v should be used instead
66
Name the burrowing mites of birds
Cnemidocoptidae (C. pilae) = scaly leg
| Epidermoptidae
67
Name the surface dwelling mites of birds
Dermanyssidae (Dermanyssus gallinae)
| Macronyssidae (Ornithonyssus spp.)
68
What is a common cause of hypovitaminosis A in birds?
An all-seed diet, which is naturally deficient in vitamin A
Foods rich in vitamin A include cod liver oil, cooked liver, egg yolk, apricots, corn, carrots, squash, sweet potatoes, broccoli, spinach and parsley
69
Psittacine beak and feather disease is caused by which virus?
Circovirus
70
What are the clinical signs of psittacine beak and feather disease (circovirus)?
1. Acute form = immunosuppression and secondary infections/death
2. Chronic form = changes in feather colouration, lack of powder down production (shiny beak), deformed beak and nails (often shed)
71
What are the clinical signs of hypovitaminosis A in birds?
1. Hyperkeratosis of the skin with white plaques in the oral mucosa
2. Loss of appetite.
3. Rhinitis and blepharitis
72
What are the clinical signs of xanthomatosis in birds?
- Discrete areas of dermal swelling, yellow-brown in colour, causing a diffuse thickening of the skin.
2. Extremities of the body, particularly the wing tips
3. May be associated with severe pruritus and self trauma
73
Name four causes of feather plucking
* Allergic skin disease.
* Chlamydophilosis (C. psittaci).
* Ectoparasites (e.g. Myialges spp. mites).
* Endoparasites (e.g. Giardia sp.).
* Environmental aerosols / contaminants (e.g. tobacco smoke, perfumes, aerosols).
* Heavy metal poisoning (e.g. lead and zinc poisoning).
* Hypothyroidism.
* Infectious folliculitis (viral, fungal, bacterial)
* Malnutrition.
* Neoplasia.
* Other systemic disease (e.g. aspergillosis).
* Behavioural (diagnosis of exclusion)
74
Photosensitisation in waterfowl has been associated with ingestion of which plant?
St. John's wart
75
Angel wing is associated with which nutritional imbalances?
- Overfeeding due to a diet too high in protein and energy.
| - A relative vitamin E deficiency
76
What effect do thyroid hormones have on shedding in lizards and snakes?
- lizards = stimulatory
| - snakes = inhibitory
77
How long should shedding (ecdysis) take in lizards and snakes?
~ 14 days
78
Which factors affect shedding (ecdysis)?
- Age (young > old)
- Temperature (warm > cold)
- Nutrition
- Humidity (low = dysecdysis)
- Disease, scarring and hormone imbalance
- Parasites
79
Infectious dermatitis in snakes is often called ‘blister disease’ and is usually associated with which environmental factors?
Moist bedding and a humid environment
80
Which Trichophyton spp. has been identified in snakes?
T. terrestre
81
What are the common clinical signs of fungal infection in lizards?
- Discoloration of the affected areas and complication in ecdysis
- Hyperkeratosis
82
Can endoparasites present with cutaneous signs in reptiles?
Yes - can affect subcutaneous tissue
83
What are the clinical signs of septicaemic cutaneous ulcerative disease (SCUD) in chelonia?
Irregular, caseated, crateriform ulcers on the plastron, carapace and skin
- Gram -ve e.g. Citrobacter freundii and Serratia
84
Hypovitaminosis A in chelonia is associated with what type of diet?
All meat
85
What is the role of the cuticle (outer layer of mucus and cell debris) in fish?
* Prevents abrasion and reduces friction and water resistance to swimming.
* Contains IgM antibodies and several enzymes with antimicrobial properties.
86
High levels of nitrites and extremes of ____ cause skin irritation and excess mucus production in fish
pH
87
What causes fin rot and mouth rot in fish?
Flavobacterium columnare (Gram-negative rod)
88
Which mycobacteria are common in freshwater aquarium fish?
Mycobacterium marinum, M. fortuitum
| Zoonotic!
89
Cyprinid herpes virus 1 (Herpesvirus cyprini) is an infection of epidermal cells producing what lesions in fish?
Papilloma
It mainly affects carp but is also found on other cold-water species and some tropical fish.
90
What are the clinical signs of protozoal disease in fish e.g. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (‘ich’)?
- General lethargy, anorexia and death.
- Excess mucus (‘slime disease’) = dull coloration and grey-blue sheen to skin.
- White spots on skin (up to 1 mm).
- Skin irritation causing fish to ‘flash’ or rub body against submersed objects
91
Name three parasites of fish
- Fish louse
- Anchor worm
- Leeches
- Flukes ('black spot' = migrate to musculature, encyst and stimulate local melanocytes under the skin)
92
Where are the scent glands in small mammals?
- Hamsters = large darkly pigmented glands on either
flank
- Gerbils = large elliptical yellowish hairless scent gland on the ventral abdomen.
- Guinea pigs = a large gland over the rump above the tail and other glands around the anus.
- Rabbits = sebaceous scent glands on the chin, anal glands and paired pocket-like inguinal glands.
- Ferrets = very active sebaceous glands throughout the skin, giving them their characteristic musky odour and greasy coat.
93
Which dermatophytes are more common found on Chinchillas?
Trichophyton mentagrophytes > Microsporum gypseum and M. canis
94
Chinchillas have extremely dense fur (60–90 hairs per follicle) and thus ectoparasites are rare - which has been reported?
Cheyletiella
95
What are the clinical signs of fatty acid deficiency in Chinchillas? Poorly preserved or home-made diets
Scaling, reduced hair growth and fur loss, and sometimes cutaneous ulcers
- similar signs seen with pantothenic acid (vit B5) deficiency
96
What are the clinical signs in Chinchillas fed a diet deficient in choline, methionine or Vitamin E?
Impaired metabolism of plant pigments leads to a concentration of yellow-orange pigment in the skin and fatty tissues
97
What causes matted fur in Chinchillas?
Lack of a dust bath and high relative humidity (>80%).
98
What causes lumpy jaw in ferrets and how do you treat it?
Actinomyces spp.
| High dose penicillin or tetracycline
99
Which dermatophytes typically affect ferrets?
Microsporum canis or Trichophyton mentagrophytes (same as dogs and cats!)
100
Ferrets are highly susceptible to canine distemper virus (paramyxovirus) and mortality is up to 100%. What are the cutaneous signs?
Characteristic rash under the chin and in the inguinal area is seen at 10–15 days. Foot pads and nasal pads often undergo swelling and hyperkeratosis. Brown, crusted lesions occur on the chin, nose and perianal area.
- vaccinate them!
101
Which ectoparasites are most common in ferrets?
Otodectes cynotis
Sarcoptes scabiei
- tx systemic ivermectin
Also see C. felis and C. canis
102
What are the two manifestations of sarcoptic mange in ferrets?
1. generalised alopecia and intense pruritus
| 2. localised lesions of the toes and feet
103
What causes HAC in ferrets?
Adrenocortical hyperplasia, adenoma or adenocarcinoma (not pituitary!)
104
Which hormones are involved in HAC in ferrets?
Expression of luteinising hormone receptors on sex-steroid producing adrenocortical cells
105
What are the clinical signs of HAC in ferrets?
1. 90% have alopecia, often bilaterally symmetrical
2. 70% of females will have a swollen vulva and a seromucoid discharge
3. Castrated males may show a return of male sexual behaviour
4. Prostatic hyperplasia, due to increased androgen levels, may cause partial or complete urethral obstruction and stranguria
5. Adrenal gland enlargement may be palpable
6. +/- pancytopaenia
106
What do you measure on blood testing to diagnose HAC in ferrets?
Elevated plasma androgen (androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate), oestradiol and 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels.
- It is recommended that all four hormones are assayed; elevation of one or more indicates HAC
107
Hyperoestrogenism in ferrets - if unmated, or not stimulated to ovulate, then as many as ___% of females may develop aplastic anaemia after prolonged oestrus (up to six months).
50%
108
What are the clinical signs of hyeroestrogenism in ferrets?
Bilateral symmetrical alopecia is seen as well as ecchymoses and petechiation of the mucus membranes and skin
109
What are the treatment options for HAC in ferrets?
- Surgery
- Deslorelin acetate
- GnRH agonist
- Melantonin
110
What are the treatment options for hyperoestrogenism in ferrets?
- human chorionic gonadotrophin followed by OVH
Prevent with:
- Vasectomised male or spay!
- Proligestone subcutaneous injection
111
What are the most common types of neoplasia in the ferret?
Sebaceous epitheliomas
| MCTs
112
What is a differential for bacterial scent gland infection in gerbils?
Neoplasia - both can initially present as reddened and ulcerated.
113
Which Demodex mite affects gerbils?
Demodex meroni
114
What are the signs and pathogenesis of nasal dermatitis ('sore nose') in gerbils?
1. Hypersecretion of the harderian gland results in accumulation of porphyrin pigment around the nares.
2. This is irritant and may lead to self trauma and secondary staphylococcal infection.
3. Digging through abrasive bedding could be a predisposing factor.
4. Harderian gland secretions may increase with stress, plus there may be lack of grooming in some situations.
115
How do you diagnose nasal dermatitis ('sore nose') in gerbils?
- Clinical signs, bacterial culture and cytology of impression smears.
- Porphyrins will fluoresce under UV light!
116
Which environmental factor leads to 'rough coat' in gerbils?
Relative environmental humidity >50%
117
What are the most common tumours in gerbils?
1. Sebaceous gland adenoma (ventral scent gland!)
2. SCC (ventral scent gland, feet, pinnae)
3. Melanoma/melanocytoma (feet, pinnae)
118
Which bacteria has been reported to cause erythema and exfoliation of the epidermis in guinea pigs, caused by epidermal cleavage through the stratum granulosum?
Staphylococcus aureus
119
Name four important ectoparasites of guinea pigs
* Trixacarus caviae
* Sarcoptes scabiei
* Chirodiscoides caviae
* Myocoptes musculinus
* Cheyletiella parasitovorax
* Demodex caviae
* Biting lice – Gliricola porcelli, Gyropus ovalis
120
How long is the lifecycle of Trixacarus caviae?
2-14 days
121
What are the clinical signs of cystic ovaries in guinea pigs?
- Non-pruritic alopecia over the back, ventrum and symmetrically over the flanks
- Abdominal enlargement and infertility may also be evident (usually bilateral cysts)
122
Hypovitaminosis C should be considered as a potential underlying factor in bacterial, fungal and ectoparasitic skin disease in guinea pigs. Animals are most commonly reported with hypovitaminosis when fed which type of diets?
Commercial rabbit food or an out-dated guinea pig ration as the sole source of nutrition.
123
What are the clinical signs of hypovitaminosis C in guinea pigs?
- Important early cutaneous signs are roughened hair coat, and scaling of the pinnae.
- In more severe cases generalised scaling can occur with petechiae, ecchymoses and haematoma formation
124
Guinea pigs possess sebaceous scent glands on the rump and perineal area. Oily secretions from these glands can lead to matting of the hair which is entirely normal. How does scent gland impaction occur in guinea pigs?
In some male animals the oily secretions together with bedding and faeces can sometimes become trapped in the folds of the genital and perianal areas and can lead to skin disease.
125
Cheilitis is thought to be associated with the feeding of ___ and ____ food-stuffs. Secondary bacterial infection with Staphylococcus spp. is common, and a ___virus has been associated with this condition in two animals
Acidic and abrasive
| Poxvirus
126
Hyperkeratosis and cutaneous horns can develop on the footpads, especially in which scenarios?
Heavy guinea pigs and those housed in wire-bottomed cages
127
Where do trichofollicuomas typically occur in guinea pigs?
On the dorsum (benign and usually solitary)
128
What are the clinical signs of trichofollicuomas in guinea pigs?
Nodular lesions contain a central pore through which keratinous or haemorrhagic material is discharged
129
Which dermatophyte is most common in hamsters?
Trichophyton mentagrophytes >> Microsporum canis
130
Hamster polyomavirus HaPV (also referred to as hamster papovavirus) is associated with development of which skin tumours in Syrian hamsters?
Cutaneous epithelioma / trichoepithelioma
131
True or false; Demodex is the most common ectoparasite of the hamster and is found in skin scrapings of normal animals
True
132
Which Notoedres species affect hamsters?
```
Notoedres notoedres (hamster ear mite)
Notoedres cati
```
133
How do you differentiate Notoedres from Sarcoptes?
```
Notoedres = dorsal anus
Sarcoptes = terminal anus
Tx = ivermectin, moxidectin, selamectin
```
134
Which types of HAC have been reported in hamsters?
1. Adrenal dependent
2. Pituitary dependent
3. Iatrogenic
135
What is the most common neoplasia in hamsters?
Melanomas and melanocytomas - higher incidence in males.
136
What is the second most common neoplasia in hamsters?
```
Epitheliotrophic lymphoma (mycosis fungoides)
- Hamster polyomavirus (papovavirus) is thought to be the cause of transmissible lymphoma and it has been identified as a cause of cutaneous epitheliomas in hamster
```
137
True or false; hedgehogs are susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and can act as carriers
True
138
Where are Demodex erinacei found?
Sebaceous glands
139
Name the hedgehog flea
Archaeopsylla erinacei
140
Which virus causes the following in mice:
- Acute form: high morbidity and mortality and clinical signs include hunched posture, rough hair coat, conjunctivitis, swelling of face and extremities and
diarrhoea.
- Subacute and chronic forms: exhibit the cutaneous lesions of a generalised papular rash leading to swelling, ulceration and amputation of limbs and tail, with variable mortality
Mousepox
141
Name three ectoparasites of mice
- Fur mites Myobia musculi, Radfordia affinis.
- Myocoptes musculinus, Trichoecius rombousti
(rare)
- Liponyssoides sanguineus, Dermanyssus gallinae.
- Psorergates muricola.
- Demodex musculi.
Lice
- Polyplax serrata (sucking)
Fleas.
- Xenopsylla spp.
- Nosopsylla spp
142
In mice, infestation of which mite causes the formation of small white nodules especially on the ear pinnae and body?
Psorergates muricola
143
Which tumour is most common in pet mice?
SCC
144
Which bacteria are most commonly isolated from abscesses and/or cellulitis in rabbits?
Pasteurella multocida and Staphylococcus aureus
145
What causes 'blue fur disease' aka moist dermatitis in rabbits?
- Common in overweight and female rabbits with a large dewlap or in animals with severe dental disease and excess salivation.
- Faulty drinking apparatus can also lead to maceration of the skin.
- Constant wetting of the skin predisposes to colonisation with Pseudomonas spp.
146
Treponema cuniculi causes which disease in rabbits?
Syphilis (venereal spirochetosis) - not a zoonosis!
147
What are the routes of transmission of treponema cuniculi (syphilis) in rabbits?
- Venereal
| - Mother to kit through birth canal
148
What is the incubation period of rabbit syphilis?
- Lesions generally appearing three to six weeks after exposure
- Positive serologic titre after eight to twelve weeks
- Subclinical infection is common (~25%)
149
What are the clinical signs of rabbit syphilis (Treponema cuniculi)?
1. Redness and oedema
2. Progressing to vesicles, ulcers, scabs and proliferative lesions
Affects perineum and face from auto-inoculation.
150
Which special stains can be used to help identify Treponema cuniculi?
Silver stains
151
What are the clinical signs of Fusobacterium necrophorum infection in rabbits (Schmorl's disease)?
Swelling, inflammation, abcessation, ulceration and necrosis occur, usually on the face and neck, and occasionally the feet, Underlying bone can be involved
152
How do you treat rabbit syphilis (Treponema cuniculi)?
Penicillin G
153
Which dermatophytes are most common in rabbits?
Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum and M. canis
154
T. mentagrophytes was isolated from what % of rabbits and guinea pigs in pet shops in the Netherlands?
3. 8% rabbits
| 16. 8% guinea pigs
155
What type of virus causes myxomatosis in rabbits?
Double-stranded DNA poxvirus - myxoma virus
156
How is myxomatosis (poxvirus) spread?
Passively by blood-feeding arthropods, usually the
| rabbit flea and the mosquito. The virus does not replicate within the vector!
157
What are the clinical signs of myxomatosis (poxvirus) in rabbits?
1. Swelling of the eyelids and genitals, a milky ocular discharge, pyrexia, lethargy, depression and anorexia.
2. More generalised swelling of the face and ears occurs and skin nodules up to 1 cm in diameter may be found on the face including the ears and body.
3. Death usually occurs within 14 days and is thought to be due to overwhelming bacterial infection.
158
The Shope papilloma virus is a papovavirus and causes what clinical signs in rabbits?
Multiple horn-like lesions around the ears and eyelids
159
The Shope Fibroma virus is a naturally occurring poxvirus with a mosquito vector; what are the clinical signs in rabbits?
Fibroma lesions appear as single or multiple flat subcutaneous nodules especially on the genitals, perineum, ventral abdomen, paw, nose, pinna and eyelid. Lesions will usually slough away about 30 days post inoculation.
160
Name four ectoparasites of rabbits
```
• Mites:
- Leporacarus gibbus.
- Psoroptes cuniculi.
- Cheyletiella parasitovorax.
• Other less important mites
- Psorobia lagomorphae.
- Demodex cuni
- Notoedres cati, Sarcoptes scabiei.
- Neotrombicula autumnalis.
• Lice:
- Haemodipsus ventricosus.
• Fleas:
– Spillopsyllus cuniculi.
– Ctenocephalides felis.
– Cediopsylla simplex.
– Odontopsyllus multispinous.
– Echidnophaga gallinacea.
```
161
How long is the life cycle of Psoroptes cuniculi and how long does it live on the host?
Lifecycle =
162
What are the reported treatments for Psoroptes cuniculi in rabbits?
1. Ivermectin, moxidectin, eprinomectin, selamectin, and doramectin
2. Oral fluralaner, 25 mg / kg dose,
3. Afoxalaner and milbemycin oxime orally
163
How long can Cheyletiella mites survive off host?
10 days
164
Which treatments have been reported for Cheyletiellosis in rabbits?
1. Selamectin
2. Ivermectin
3. Lime–sulphur dips
4. Topical permethrin
165
Spillopsyllus cuniculi (‘stick-tight’ flea) is the rabbit flea and is important as a vector for which disease in rabbits?
Myxomatosis (poxvirus)
166
Which flea treatments are effective in rabbits?
1. Selamectin
2. Imidacloprid
3. Lufenuron
Do not use fipronil!
167
Flystrike is common in rabbits in summer months. In the UK it is caused mainly by the Greenbottle fly ____ spp.
Lucilia spp.
168
How do you treat myiasis in rabbits?
1. Ivermectin
2. Clipping of the fur and cleaning of the area, with manual removal of the maggots and flushing of the area with dilute antiseptic solution.
3. Antibiotics/topical silver sulfadiazine
169
What are the clinical signs of sebaceous adenitis in rabbits?
Non-pruritic scaling and alopecia occur. Prominent follicular casts and seen on hairs which can be easily epilated.
170
Telogen defluxion in rabbits occurs how long after a stressful event?
4-6 weeks
171
Has cutaneous aesthenia/EDS been reported in rabbits?
Yes - vitamin C supplementation may be helpful
172
Which bacteria are common causes of skin infections in small mammals?
Staph. aureus and Strep.
173
Name three ectoparasites that affect rats
• Mites:
- Radfordia ensifera.
- Notoedres muris, Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi, Trixacarus diversus, Trixacarus caviae.
- Liponyssoides sanguineus.
- Demodex ratticola
• Lice:
- Polyplax spinulosa (the spined rat louse- sucking).
174
Which treatments have been reported for lice in rats?
1. Systemic ivermectin
2. Fipronil
3. Selamectin
175
What causes 'ring tail' in rats?
Low humidity (<20–40%) is associated with an avascular necrosis of the tail in rats <15 days old
176
Has auricular chondritis been reported in rats?
Yes
177
What are the most common skin tumours in rats?
SCC (ear) and papillomas
