EXPANDED MEDICAL NUTRITION

Question 1

What is the main goal of nutrition therapy in CKD?

Answer 1

To manage uremic symptoms. delay progression. and prevent malnutrition.

Question 2

Which type of protein is recommended in CKD to reduce nitrogenous waste?

Answer 2

High-biological value protein.

Question 3

What is the recommended daily protein intake for non-dialysis CKD patients?

Answer 3

0.6 to 0.8 g/kg/day.

Question 4

What is the protein requirement for dialysis patients?

Answer 4

1.2 to 1.3 g/kg/day.

Question 5

Why is fluid intake monitored in CKD patients?

Answer 5

To avoid fluid overload and manage hypertension.

Question 6

What are common electrolyte imbalances in CKD?

Answer 6

Hyperkalemia. hyperphosphatemia. and hyponatremia.

Question 7

Why are calcium-based phosphate binders used in CKD?

Answer 7

To reduce serum phosphate levels.

Question 8

What type of diet is typically prescribed for stage 5 CKD?

Answer 8

Low-protein. low-sodium. low-potassium. and low-phosphorus diet.

Question 9

Which fat-soluble vitamins should be avoided in CKD?

Answer 9

Vitamin A and E due to toxicity risk.

Question 10

Why is vitamin D supplementation important in CKD?

Answer 10

To manage secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Question 11

What dietary component should be increased in diverticulosis?

Answer 11

Dietary fiber.

Question 12

Why is fat intake restricted in chronic pancreatitis?

Answer 12

To reduce pancreatic stimulation and steatorrhea.

Question 13

Which deficiency is common after bariatric surgery?

Answer 13

Vitamin B12. iron. calcium. and fat-soluble vitamins.

Question 14

Why is enteral feeding preferred over parenteral in GI diseases?

Answer 14

Maintains gut integrity and lowers infection risk.

Question 15

What is the recommended diet for acute gastroenteritis?

Answer 15

Easily digestible foods and oral rehydration therapy.

Question 16

Why is lactose intolerance managed with a lactose-free diet?

Answer 16

To prevent bloating. diarrhea. and cramps.

Question 17

What is a BRAT diet and when is it used?

Answer 17

Bananas. rice. applesauce. toast. for mild diarrhea.

Question 18

What type of diet supports healing in peptic ulcer disease?

Answer 18

Bland diet avoiding spicy. acidic. and caffeinated foods.

Question 19

Which micronutrient is critical in short bowel syndrome?

Answer 19

Zinc due to increased losses.

Question 20

What is cancer cachexia?

Answer 20

A syndrome of weight loss. muscle atrophy. fatigue. and significant loss of appetite.

Question 21

Why is early nutritional intervention important in cancer patients?

Answer 21

To maintain body weight. improve treatment response. and reduce complications.

Question 22

What type of feeding may be needed for head and neck cancer patients?

Answer 22

Enteral nutrition.

Question 23

Which macronutrient is emphasized in cancer patients to prevent catabolism?

Answer 23

Protein.

Question 24

Why are omega-3 fatty acids sometimes recommended in cancer nutrition?

Answer 24

They may help reduce inflammation and improve appetite.

Question 25

What is the goal of nutritional therapy in obesity?

Answer 25

To achieve and maintain a healthier body weight.

Question 26

What is the first-line intervention for obesity?

Answer 26

Lifestyle modification including diet. exercise. and behavior change.

Question 27

How much physical activity is recommended for weight maintenance?

Answer 27

At least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity per week.

Question 28

What is mindful eating?

Answer 28

Being aware of hunger. fullness. and eating triggers.

Question 29

What is the role of portion control in weight loss?

Answer 29

Reduces caloric intake and supports weight management.

Question 30

What is the role of sugar-sweetened beverages in obesity?

Answer 30

They are a major source of excess calories.

Question 31

What are SMART goals in obesity management?

Answer 31

Specific. Measurable. Achievable. Relevant. Time-bound goals.

Question 32

What pharmacologic agents are approved for obesity?

Answer 32

Orlistat. liraglutide. phentermine-topiramate. etc.

Question 33

How does sleep affect obesity?

Answer 33

Poor sleep is associated with increased hunger and weight gain.

Question 34

What is metabolic syndrome?

Answer 34

Cluster of conditions increasing risk for heart disease and diabetes.

Question 35

What is sarcopenia?

Answer 35

Loss of muscle mass and strength often seen in neuromuscular disorders.

Question 36

How does dysphagia impact nutritional status?

Answer 36

It leads to inadequate intake and aspiration risk.

Question 37

What is the role of gastrostomy in neuromuscular disorders?

Answer 37

Provides long-term nutritional support in severe dysphagia.

Question 38

Which mineral is essential for muscle contraction and function?

Answer 38

Magnesium.

Question 39

What is the role of antioxidants in neuromuscular diseases?

Answer 39

They may reduce oxidative stress and support function.

Question 40

What is the preferred route of nutrition in critically ill patients?

Answer 40

Enteral nutrition.

Question 41

When should nutrition be initiated in critically ill patients?

Answer 41

Within 24 to 48 hours of ICU admission.

Question 42

What is the main goal of nutrition in critical care?

Answer 42

To preserve lean body mass and support immune function.

Question 43

Why are energy needs increased in critical illness?

Answer 43

Due to hypermetabolism.

Question 44

What is refeeding syndrome?

Answer 44

A potentially fatal condition from rapid reintroduction of nutrition.

Question 45

What is the role of early enteral nutrition in sepsis?

Answer 45

Reduces infections and supports gut integrity.

Question 46

What macronutrient may be increased in septic patients?

Answer 46

Protein.

Question 47

Why is overfeeding dangerous in septic patients?

Answer 47

Can lead to hyperglycemia and fat overload.

Question 48

What micronutrients may support immune function in sepsis?

Answer 48

Zinc. selenium. vitamin C.

Question 49

How should fluid needs be managed in septic patients?

Answer 49

Based on hemodynamic status and organ function.

Question 50

What is immunonutrition?

Answer 50

Nutrition enriched with specific nutrients to support immunity.

Question 51

Why is tight glycemic control important in sepsis?

Answer 51

To reduce mortality and complications.

Question 52

What is the energy requirement in sepsis?

Answer 52

Approximately 25 to 30 kcal/kg/day.

Question 53

How is nitrogen balance used in sepsis?

Answer 53

To assess protein needs and catabolism.

Question 54

Why is vitamin C studied in sepsis?

Answer 54

It may reduce oxidative stress and improve outcomes.

Question 55

What is the primary dietary treatment for food allergies?

Answer 55

Elimination of the allergenic food.

Question 56

Which nutrient deficiencies may worsen skin conditions like eczema?

Answer 56

Essential fatty acids. zinc. vitamin D.

Question 57

Why is breastfeeding recommended for allergy prevention?

Answer 57

It may reduce the risk of allergic diseases.

Question 58

What food is commonly associated with atopic dermatitis?

Answer 58

Cow’s milk.

Question 59

How can probiotics help in allergic conditions?

Answer 59

They may modulate immune response.

Question 60

What is the primary fuel source during high-intensity exercise?

Answer 60

Carbohydrates.

Question 61

Why is protein important in athletes?

Answer 61

For muscle repair and recovery.

Question 62

How much fluid should be consumed before exercise?

Answer 62

About 500 mL 2 to 3 hours prior.

Question 63

What is carbohydrate loading?

Answer 63

Increasing carbohydrate intake before endurance events.

Question 64

Why are electrolytes important in sports nutrition?

Answer 64

To prevent dehydration and muscle cramps.

Question 65

How soon should carbohydrates be consumed post-exercise?

Answer 65

Within 30 minutes to maximize glycogen replenishment.

Question 66

What is the protein requirement for strength athletes?

Answer 66

1.6 to 2.2 g/kg/day.

Question 67

What are BCAAs and why are they important?

Answer 67

Branched-chain amino acids support muscle repair.

Question 68

Why is hydration important during prolonged exercise?

Answer 68

Prevents fatigue. overheating. and performance decline.

Question 69

What is the role of creatine in sports?

Answer 69

Enhances high-intensity performance and muscle mass.

Question 70

What is the mechanism of action of Orlistat?

Answer 70

Reversibly inhibits gastric and pancreatic lipases. Prevents breakdown of dietary triglycerides and reduces fat absorption.

Question 71

What is Orlistat used for?

Answer 71

Adjunct to a reduced-calorie diet and exercise for weight loss in overweight or obese patients. Indicated for adults who are obese (BMI >=30) or overweight (BMI >=27) with weight-related comorbidities.

Question 72

What is the mechanism of action of Liraglutide?

Answer 72

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist. Enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion and suppresses post-meal glucagon. Slows gastric emptying and increases satiety.

Question 73

What is Liraglutide used for?

Answer 73

Chronic weight management as an adjunct to a reduced-calorie diet and exercise in overweight or obese patients. Approved for adults (and adolescents 12+) who are obese (BMI >=30) or overweight (BMI >=27) with weight-related comorbidities.

Question 74

What is the mechanism of action of Phentermine-Topiramate?

Answer 74

Phentermine is a sympathomimetic anorectic. Topiramate is an anticonvulsant that increases feelings of fullness. Together they suppress appetite and promote satiety.

Question 75

What is Phentermine-Topiramate used for?

Answer 75

Chronic weight management as an adjunct to a reduced-calorie diet and exercise in overweight or obese adults. Indicated for adults who are obese (BMI >=30) or overweight (BMI >=27) with weight-related comorbidities.