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Experiments Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an independent measures design?

A

Different participants take part in each condition, which will vary according to the independent variable

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2
Q

What are the strengths of an independent measures design?

A

Participants are less likely to experience fatigue, and it is easier to establish that the effect of the changes in groups are due to the variable being tested

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3
Q

What are the weaknesses of an independent measures design?

A

It is imporssible to control individual differences, and a larger sample size is needed

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4
Q

What is a repeated measures design?

A

An experimental design in which the same participants take part in each condition

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5
Q

What are the strengths of a repeated measures design?

A

It is unlikely that the results will be distorted by individual differences as each condition will see these differences, and the sample required may be smaller

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6
Q

What are the weaknesses of a repeated measures design?

A

Participants might guess the aim of the task as they repeat the experiment in different conditions (demand characteristics), order effects, and fatigue effect can be seen

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7
Q

What is the matched pairs design?

A

Different participants take aprt in each condition, however, each participant is matched according to certain characteristics with another participant in the other condition

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8
Q

What are the strengths of a matched pairs design?

A

Order effects should not affect the results, it is also unlikely that they will guess the aim of the study

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9
Q

What are the weaknesses of matched pairs design?

A

It is difficult and time-consuming matching the participants, and shared characteristics may be seen in different people in different ways.

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10
Q

What is a lab experiment?

A

An experiment carried out in a highly controlled environment, which will be an unnatural setting

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11
Q

What is a field experiment?

A

The setting of the experiment is natural regarding the behaviours intended to be observed, but there is still a clear IV and DV

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12
Q

What is a quasi-experiment?

A

The IV is naturally occuring or unethical to manipulate within the participants.

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13
Q

What are the strengths of a lab experiment?

A

Results are more reliable as the conditions created can be replicated, lack of extraneous variables

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14
Q

What are the weaknesses of a lab experiment?

A

Lacks ecological validity, demand characteristics

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15
Q

What are the strengths of a field experiment?

A

High ecological validity, less risk of demand characteristics

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16
Q

What are the weaknesses of a field experiment?

A

Make it hard to control extraneous variables, hard to obtain fully informed consent

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17
Q

What are the strengths of a quasi experiment?

A

Useful when its unethical to manipulate the IV, studies the ‘real effect’ so there is increased realism and ecological validity

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18
Q

What are the weaknesses of a quasi experiment?

A

Must wait for the IV to occur, can only be used where conditions vary naturally, aware they are studied - less internal validity

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19
Q

What is a research aim?

A

This is what the researchers aim to find out about a particular phenomenon or topic.

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20
Q

What is a research question?

A

The research aim o the investigation but done as a question

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21
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A specific, testable prediction of how one variable in an experiment will affect another variable

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22
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that predicts that the IV has no effect on the dependent variable. Any effects are due to chance.

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23
Q

What is an alternative hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that states there is a significant relationship between the two variables being studies and that the results were not due to chance.

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24
Q

What is a one-tailed hypothesis?

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A

A hypothesis that predicts the exact direction of which the independent variable will affect the dependent/measured variable

25
What is a two-tailed hypothesis?
A hypothesis that predicts that an effect will occur between the independent and dependent variable but not in a specified direction
26
What is a type 1 error?
The rejection of a true null hypothesis (a false positive)
27
What is a type 2 error?
Failing to reject a false null hypothesis (a false negative)
28
What is involved in a good sample?
It should represent the tart population and it should be unbiased
29
What are the different types of sample bias?
Gender bias, cultural bias, ethnocentric, population validity
30
What is opportunity sampling?
Gathering a sample from the target population by asking people who are available and consenting at the time of the research
31
What is a strength of opportunity sampling?
Quick and time effecient
32
What is a weakness of opportunity sampling?
Not necessarily representative due to chance and is open to accidental researcher bias
33
What is self-selecting sampling?
Participants choose themselves to take part in the study through response to recruitment offers often through adverts or emails
34
What are some strengths of self-selecting sampling?
Volunteers are more likely to commit to the study, less chance of participants dropping out, can gain a large sample size quickly
35
What are the weaknesses of self-selecting sampling?
There is a chance that not many people will see the advert or be interested enough to respond, leading to a small sample, there may e inherent bias in the participant as similar types of people may sign up.
36
What is snowball sampling?
Collecting a group of participants, and gaining the rest of the sample through recruitment from these participants themselves
37
What is a strength of snowball sampling?
Can allow access to people that may not otherwise be able to be recruited
38
What is a weakness of snowball sampling?
May have a bias as people's friends or family are likely to share characteristics meaning the sample is not representative of a wide enough group of people.
39
What is random sampling?
Collecting a sample by ensuring each member of the target population has the same chance of being selected as any other member
40
What is a strength of random sampling?
It is random and somewhat fair
41
What are weaknesses of random sampling?
It can be time-consuming, could pull sample from the same area or gender of culture, not everyone who is picked may consent to take part
42
What is stratified sampling?
All types of member s of the population are presented proportionally by selecting different numbers of participants from all strata
43
What is a strength of stratified sampling?
The sample will be representative and have no biases
44
What is a weakness of stratified sampling?
This method is difficult, costly and time inefficient, the target population must also be fully accessible
45
What comes under Respect?
Informed consent, right to withdraw and confidentiality
46
What is informed consent?
The participant must give official and explicit consent to take part
47
What is right to withdraw?
The participant must have the right to withdraw at any time
48
What is confidentiality?
The personal details or private results gained must be kept confidential and anonymous unless they consent to otherwise
49
What is competence?
The psychologists must provide the services they may give, such as academic or training to a high ability where specialist knowledge is concerned
50
What comes under responsibility?
Protection from harm, and debrief
51
What is protection from harm?
The experimenter must not physically or psychologically damage the participants or cause long term changes
52
What is debrief?
After the experiment, the researchers must make it clear to the participants what the actual aim of the study and answer any questions
53
What comes under integrity?
Deception
54
What is deception?
The researchers must be honest in their acts and the outcomes of the experiments itself
55
What is the independent variable?
It is the variable you change. It will result in varying conditions in the experiment to test the results of a change in that variable
56
What is the dependent variable?
It is the variable you measure or the one that the conclusion 'depends' on
57
What is the control variable?
Extraneous variables that are isolated and controlled
58
What are individual differnces?
The variance in each person that can sometimes be categorised or identified by not fully controlled for.
59
What are confounding variables?
They are variables that are outside influences that alter the dependent variable.

Research Methods (6 decks)

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