Explore more

Question 1

When assessing the present health status of a patient, symptoms of allergies, difficulty breathing and orthopnea could indicate respiratory disorders. The patient should be asked about?

Answer 1

The use of inhalers or oxygen at home

Question 2

Assessing a patients smoking history is an important aspect of the respiratory assessment. The information should be recorded as?

Answer 2

The number of pack years the individual has smoked, even if he or she has already quit.

Question 3

There are multiple environmental factors that can affect breathing. These include?

Answer 3

Air pollution, allergens in the home, and any air filtering systems in the home, hobbies and exposure to secondhand smoke.

Question 4

During the part of the interview process that focuses on the respiratory system, the nurse should ask questions about the patients?

Answer 4

Home environment, occupational environment, and any travel that may have affected the function of the lungs

Question 5

A cough may be associated with respiratory condition or caused by other problems. The patient should be asked to describe?

Answer 5

the cough, any sputum that is produced, and other symptoms, and what measures are used to treat he cough.

Question 6

Causes of shortness of breath in a patient should be clarified. Dyspnea can be indicative of?

Answer 6

Respiratory or cardiac conditions. The patient should be asked to describe what makes the difficult breathing better or worse.

Question 7

Common infectious respiratory conditions that may be encountered are?

Answer 7

acute bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and pleural effusion.
chronic conditions include asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis

Question 8

Pneumonothorax and hemothorax are most often related to a?

Answer 8

traumatic incident. These conditions can also be associated with surgical procedures.

Question 9

Inspection-Inspect for general appearance, posture, and breathing effort
Normal-
Abnormal-

Answer 9

Normal- The general appearance and posture should be relaxed. Breathing should be effortless, quiet, and rate is age appropriate

Abnormal- Indications or respiratory distress include an appearance of apprehension with restlessness, nasal flaring, retractions, and tripod positioning.

Question 10

Observe respiration for rate, breathing pattern, and chest expansion.
Normal-
Abnormal-

Answer 10

Normal- Adult passive breathing is 12-20 BPM known as eupnea. The pattern should be smooth with an even respiratory depth. Symmetric rise and expansion should occur.

Abnormal-Bradypnea, tachypnea, hyperventilation, kussmaul respirations, Biot’s and cheyne-strokes patterns.

Question 11

Inspect patients nails, skin, and lips for color.
Normal-
Abnormal-

Answer 11

Normal- Nail beds should be pink with an angle of 160 degrees at the nail bed. Skin tones vary among individuals thereby noting the general color of the client and observing if it is consistent with skin and lip color. Note presence of pallor or cyanosis

Abnormal-Cyanosis may be noted in a client with shortness of breath or dyspnea. Long term lung disease can cause spooning of the nail base greater than 180 degrees.

Question 12

Inspect posterior thorax for shape, symmetry, and muscle development.
Normal-
Abnormal-

Answer 12

Normal- The ribs should slope down at about 45 degrees relative to the spine. The thorax should be symmetric. The spinous processes should appear in a straight line. The scapulae should be bilaterally symmetric. Muscle development should be equal.

Abnormal- Asymmetry or unequal muscle development is abnormal. Skeletal deformities such as scoliosis or kyphosis may limit the expansion of the chest. Patients with COPD may have a barrel-shaped chest.

Question 13

Bronchovesicular breath sounds are?

Answer 13

moderate in pitch, medium in intensity, auscultated over the 1st and 2nd ICS at the sternal border and the inspiratory and expiratory duration should be equal

Question 14

Vesicular breath sounds are?

Answer 14

Low in pitch, soft in intensity, auscultated over the inspiratory phase duration is greater that the expiratory phase duration.

Question 15

Bronchial breath sounds are?

Answer 15

are high in pitch, loud in intensity, auscultated over the trachea, and the duration of the inspiratory phase is less than the duration of the expiratory phase.

Question 16

Adventitious breath sounds are?

Answer 16

if heard, have patient cough, and then repeat the auscultation to note whether the adventitious sounds changed or disappeared

Question 17

Fine crackles

Answer 17

Fine, high-pitched crackling and popping noises heard during the end of inspiration; not cleared by cough
Clinical examples- may be heard in pneumonia, heart failure, asthma, and restrictive pulmonary diseases.

Question 18

Medium crackls

Answer 18

Medium pitched, moist sound heard about halfway through inspiration; not cleared by cough.
clinical examples- may be heard in pneumonia, heart failure, asthma, and restrictive pulmonary diseases but condition is worse than those with fine crackles.

Question 19

Coarse crackles

Answer 19

Low pitched, bubbling, or gurgling sounds that start early in inspiration and extend into the first part of expiration.
clinical examples- may be heard in pneumonia, heart failure, asthma, and restrictive pulmonary diseases. condition is worse in terminally ill patients with diminished gag-reflex; also heard in pulmonary edema and pulmonary fibrosis.

Question 20

Wheeze

Answer 20

High-pitched, musical sound similar to a squeak; heard more commonly during expiration but may also be heard during inspiration, occurs in small airways
clinical example- heard in narrowed airway diseases such as asthma.

Question 21

Rhonchi

Answer 21

Low-pitched, coarse, loud, low snoring or moaning tone; actually sounds like snoring; heard primarily during expiration but may also be heard during inspiration; coughing may clear
clinical example- heard is disorders causing obstruction of the trachea or bronchus such as chronic bronchitis

Question 22

Pleural friction rub

Answer 22

superficial, low pitched, coarse rubbing or grating sound; sounds like two surfaces rubbing together, heard throughout inspiration and expiration; loudest over the lower anterolateral surface; not cleared by cough
clinical example- heard in individuals with pleurisy (inflammation of the pleural surfaces)

Question 23

Inspect the anterior thorax for shape, symmetry, muscle development, and costal angel. The costal angel should be? The anteroposterior diameter is about?

Answer 23

The costal angel should be <90 degrees

the anteroposterior diameter is about 1/2 the lateral diameter or about a 1:2 ratio of AP to lateral diameter.

Question 24

Older Adult: Assessing the respiratory status of an older adult follows the same procedures as for an adult, although structural and functional differences may be noted

Answer 24

posterior thoracic stooping or bending or kyphosis may alter the thorax wall configuration and make thoracic expansion more difficult

Question 25

When conducting a comprehensive assessment, the patient should be asked about the presence of disease affecting mobility. This includes?

Answer 25

Osteoporosis, arthritis, fractures, and a history of accidents or trauma.

Question 26

The point where two or more bones come together

Answer 26

Joints

Question 27

Ligaments- | Tendons-

Answer 27

Ligaments are flexable connective tissues that adhere bones to bones. Tendons are nonelastic cords that are located at the end of muscles and attach muscles to bones

Question 28

Common problems associated with bones are?

Answer 28

fractures and osteoporosis. Conditions associated with the joints are rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, burtitis, and gout.

Question 29

Conditions related to the spine are?

Answer 29

herniated nucleus pulposus and scoliosis.

Question 30

Problems linked with ligament or muscle conditions are known as?

Answer 30

carpal tunnel syndrom

Question 31

Observe patient standing and straight from front, back, and sides. Normal Abnormal

Answer 31

Normal- the body should be symmetric. The spine should be straight with expected curvatures-cervical is concave; thoracic is convex; and lumbar is concave Abnormal- Kyphosis, scoliosis,and lordosis

Question 32

Inspect muscles for size and symmetry. Normal- Abnormal-

Answer 32

Normal- Muscle size should appear relatively symmetric Abnormal- Atrophy of muscle mass bilaterally may indicate lack of nerve stimulation such as spinal cord injury. Fasciculations (muscle twitching) may be caused by adverse effects of drugs. Fasciculations are localized whereas spasms are more generalized.

Question 33

Palpate bones for tenderness; joints for tenderness, heat, and edema; and muscles for tenderness, heat edema, and tone. Normal Abnormal

Answer 33

Normal- Bones should be non-tender on palpation. No tenderness or edema should be detected on palpation of joints or muscles. The joints and muscles should be the same temperature as the surrounding tissue. Muscles should feel firm, not hard or soft. Abnormal- Tenderness, heat, or edema over bones, joints or muscles may indicate tumor, inflammation, or trauma. Muscle atrophy may be evident by decrease in muscle tone.

Question 34

Assess range of motion for major joints and adjacent muscles, for tenderness on movement, joint stability, and deformity. (know which types of movements are associated with each type of joint, refer to table 14-1) Normal- Abnormal-

Answer 34

Normal- There should be full range of motion actively and passively with joint stability but without tenderness, heat, edema, crepitus, deformity, or contracture. Abnormal- Crepitus which occurs after injury; limited range of motion; increased range of motion; joint instability or deformity may indicate a number of disorders including muscle weakness, fracture, inflammation, strained ligaments, or meniscus tear.

Question 35

Observe gait for conformity, symmetry, and rhythm Normal- Abnormal-

Answer 35

Normal- Expected findings are cnformity (ability to follow gait sequencing of both stance and swing); regular smooth rhythm; symmetry in length of leg swing; smooth swaying; and smooth, symmetric arm swing. Abnormal- An unstable or exaggerated gait, limp, irregular stride length, arm swing that is unrelated to gait, or any other inability to maintain straight posture or asymmetry of body parts requires further assessment.

Question 36

``` Head and Neck INSPECT PALPATE OBSERVE PALPATE OBSERVE TEST ```

Answer 36

INSPECT musculature of the face and neck for symmetry. PALPATE each temporomandibular for movement, sounds, and tenderness. OBSERVE jaw for range of motion. PALPATE the neck for pain. OBSERVE the neck for range of motion. TEST neck muscles for strength.

Question 37

Objective: Identify findings from a musculoskeletal system assessment that would require further evaluation.

Answer 37

* Rheumatoid arthritis flares | * Gout

Question 38

Tissue integrity refers to the?

Answer 38

intactness and function of the skin, hair, and nails. To maintain tissue integrity, the body needs adequate nutrition and oxygenation to carry nutrients to the tissue.

Question 39

There are three main components of the skin.

Answer 39

1. The epidermis is the outermost layer and provides no blood supply. 2. The dermis is a layer which is highly vascular and regulates body temperature. It also contains sensory nerve fibers, which provide reactions to touch, pain, and temperature. 3. The hypodermis is a subcutaneous layer composed of fat. Fatty cells help with heat regulation and provide protection against injury.

Question 40

The most common reported skin condition is?

Answer 40

Pruritus (Itching). Other common findings associated with the skin are rashes, pain, discomfort, lesions, wounds, and changes in skin color or texture.

Question 41

Skin conditions common in infants and children are related to?

Answer 41

Diaper rashes and allergies

Question 42

The most common concern in the adolescent is?

Answer 42

Acne

Question 43

Significant changes occur in older adults with regard to?

Answer 43

Skin and hair

Question 44

Common skin conditions that may be encountered are

Answer 44

corns, dermatitis, and psoriasis

Question 45

Skin lesions caused by viral infections are?

Answer 45

warts, herpes simplex, herpes varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles)

Question 46

Lesions of a fungal nature are ?

Answer 46

tinea infections and candidiasis

Question 47

Bacterial infections can cause skin conditions such as?

Answer 47

as cellulitis, impetigo, folliculitis, and abscesses.

Question 48

The most common neoplastic skin conditions are?

Answer 48

basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and Kaposi sarcoma.

Question 49

Inspect the skin for general color and uniformity of color. Normal Abnormal

Answer 49

Normal: The skin color should be consistent over the body surface, with the exception of vascular areas such as the cheeks, upper chest, and genitalia, which may appear pink or have a reddish-purple tone. The normal range of skin color varies from whitish pink, to olive tones, to deep brown. Sun-exposed areas may show evidence of slightly darker pigmentation. Abnormal: Abnormal skin color may be evidence of local or systemic disease. Common abnormal findings of particular importance include cyanosis, pallor, and jaundice.

Question 50

Hypopigmentation

Answer 50

, also known as albinism (a complete absence of pigmentation; pale white skin tone is noted over the entire body surface).

Question 51

Hyperpigmentation

Answer 51

(increased melanin deposition) may be an indication of an endocrine disorder (e.g., Addison's disease) or liver disease.

Question 52

Clinical sign: Cyanosis light skin dark skin

Answer 52

Light skin: Grayish-blue tone, especially in nail beds, earlobes, lips, mucous membranes, palms, and soles of feet Dark skin: Ashen-gray color most easily seen in the conjunctiva of the eye, oral mucous membranes, and nail beds

Question 53

Clinical sign: Ecchymosis (bruise) Light skin Dark skin

Answer 53

Light skin: Dark red, purple, yellow, or green color, depending on age of bruise Dark skin: Deeper bluish or black tone; difficult to see unless it occurs in an area of light pigmentation

Question 54

Clinical sign: Erythema Light skin Dark skin

Answer 54

Light skin: Reddish tone with evidence of increased skin temperature secondary to inflammation Dark skin: Deeper brown or purple skin tone with evidence of increased skin temperature secondary to inflammation

Question 55

Clinical sign: Jaundice Light skin Dark skin

Answer 55

Light skin: Yellowish color of skin, sclera of eyes, fingernails, palms of hands, and oral mucosa Dark skin:Yellowish-green color most obviously seen in sclera of eye (do not confuse with yellow eye pigmentation, which may be evident in dark-skinned patients), palms of hands, and soles of feet

Question 56

Clinical sign: Pallor Light skin Dark skin

Answer 56

Light skin: Pale skin color that may appear white Dark skin: Skin tone appears lighter than normal; light-skinned African Americans may have yellowish-brown skin; dark-skinned African Americans may appear ashen; specifically evident is a loss of the underlying healthy red tones of the skin

Question 57

Clinical sign: Petechiae Light skin Dark skin

Answer 57

Light skin:Lesions appear as small, reddish-purple pinpoints | Dark skin:Difficult to see; may be evident in the buccal mucosa of the mouth or sclera of the eye

Question 58

Clinical sign: Rash Light skin Dark skin

Answer 58

Light skin: May be visualized and felt with light palpation | Dark skin: Not easily visualized but may be felt with light palpation

Question 59

Clinical sign: Scar Light skin Dark skin

Answer 59

Light skin: Narrow scar line | Dark skin:Frequently has keloid development, resulting in a thickened, raised scar

Question 60

Keloid can be a result of?

Answer 60

Result of multiple piercings

Question 61

• Pigmented nevi (moles): Moles are considered an expected finding; most adults have between 10 and 40 moles scattered over the body. They are most commonly located above the waist on sun-exposed body surfaces (chest, back, arms, legs, and face). They tend to be?

Answer 61

uniformly tan to dark brown, are typically less than 5 mm in size, and may be raised or flat. The expected shape of a mole is round or oval with a clearly defined border.

Question 62

Freckles:

Answer 62

Freckles are small, flat, hyperpigmented macules that may appear anywhere on the body, particularly on sun-exposed areas of the skin. The most common locations are on the face, arms, and back.

Question 63

Patch:

Answer 63

A patch is an area of darker skin pigmentation that is usually brown or tan and typically is present at birth (birthmarks). Some of these patches fade, but many do not change over time.

Question 64

Striae:

Answer 64

Striae are silver or pink “stretch marks” secondary to weight gain or pregnancy.

Question 65

Melanoma: The nurse should be familiar with abnormal characteristics of pigmented moles that might point to melanoma. Moles located below the waist or on the scalp or breast are?

Answer 65

Rarely "normal" moles

Question 66

Vitiligo is an?

Answer 66

acquired condition associated with the development of unpigmented patch or patches; it is more common in dark-skinned races and thought to be an autoimmune disorder.

Question 67

Localized areas of hyperpigmentation may be associated with?

Answer 67

endocrine disorders (pituitary, adrenal) and autoimmune disorders (systemic lupus erythematosus).

Question 68

Skin Lesion: Macule | Examples

Answer 68

- Macule: flat, circumscribed < 1 cm in diameter. | - Examples: Freckles, flat nevi (moles), petechiae, measles, scarlet fever.

Question 69

Skin Lesion: Papule | Examples

Answer 69

- Papule: elevated, firm, circumscribed area < 1 cm in diameter. - Examples: Warts, elevated moles skin tags, cherry angiomas.

Question 70

Skin Lesions: Patch | Examples

Answer 70

- Patch: flat, nonpalpable, irregularly shaped macule > 1 cm. - Examples: Vitiligo, port wine stains, Mongolian spots, and Café-au-lait spots.

Question 71

Skin Lesions: Plaque | Examples

Answer 71

- Plaque: elevated, firm, rough lesions with flat top > 1 cm. - Examples: Psoriasis, seborrheic and actinic keratosis, eczema

Question 72

Skin Lesions: Wheal | Examples

Answer 72

- Wheal: elevated, irregular shaped area of the cutaneous edema that is solid and varies in diameter. - Examples: Insect bites, urticarial, allergic reactions.

Question 73

Skin Lesions: Nodule | Examples

Answer 73

- Nodule: elevated firm, circumscribed lesions deeper into the dermis. 1-2 cm in diameter - Examples: Dermatofibroma erythema nodusm, lipomas, hemangiomas.

Question 74

Skin Lesions: Tumor | Examples

Answer 74

- Tumor: elevated and solid lesions that may or may not be clear in the demarcation. They are deeper into the dermis and > 2 cm in diameter - Examples: Neoplasms, lipomas, hemangiomas

Question 75

Skin Lesions: Vesicles | Examples

Answer 75

- Vesicles: elevated circumscribed, superficial, serous filled fluid lesions < 1 cm in diameter. - Examples: Varicella, herpes zoster, impetigo, acute eczema

Question 76

Skin Lesions: Bulla | Examples

Answer 76

- Bulla: vesicles > 1 cm. | - Examples: Blisters, pemphigus vulgaris, lupus erythematosus, impetigo, and drug reactions.

Question 77

Skin Lesions: Pustule | Examples

Answer 77

- Pustule: elevated superficial lesions purulent fluid filled. - Examples: Impetigo, acne, folliculitis, herpes simplex.

Question 78

Skin Lesions: Cyst | Examples

Answer 78

- Cyst: elevated, circumscribed, filled with liquid or semisolid material. - Examples: Sebaceous cyst, cystic acne

Question 79

Secondary Skin Lesions: Scale | Examples

Answer 79

- Scale: heaped up keratinized cells, flaky skin, irregular thick or thin, dry or oily. - Examples: Flaking of skin with seborrheic dermatitis following scarlet fever, dry skin, eczema, xerosi

Question 80

Secondary Skin Lesions: Lichenification | Examples

Answer 80

-Lichenification: rough, thickened epidermis secondary to persistent rubbing, itching, or skin irritation. Examples: Chronic dermatitis, psoriasis.

Question 81

Secondary Skin Lesions: Keloid | Examples

Answer 81

- Keloid: irregular shaped, elevated progressively enlarging scar. Grows beyond the boundaries of the wound. - Examples: Keloid formation following surgery.

Question 82

Secondary Skin Lesions: Scar | Examples

Answer 82

- Scar: thin to thick fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin following injury or laceration. - Examples: Healing wound or surgical incision.

Question 83

Secondary Skin Lesions: Excoriation | Examples

Answer 83

- Excoriation: loss of epidermis linear hollowed out crusted area. - Examples: Abrasion or scratch, scabies

Question 84

Secondary Skin Lesions: Fissure | Examples

Answer 84

- Fissure: linear crack or break from the epidermis to the dermis. May be moist or dry - Examples: Athlete’s foot, cracks at the corner of the mouth, chapped hands, eczema.

Question 85

Secondary Skin Lesions: Crust | Examples

Answer 85

- Crust: dried drainage or blood, slightly elevated, variable sizes and colors. - Examples: Scab on abrasion, eczema

Question 86

Secondary Skin Lesions: Erosion | Examples

Answer 86

- Erosion: loss of part of the epidermis, depressed moist, and glistening, following rupture of the vesicle or bulla. - Examples: Varicella, variola after rupture, candidiasis, herpes simplex.

Question 87

Secondary Skin Lesions: Ulcer | Examples

Answer 87

- Ulcer: loss of epidermis and dermis, concave, and varies in size. - Examples: Pressure ulcers, stasis ulcers, syphilis chancres

Question 88

Secondary Skin Lesions: Atrophy | Examples

Answer 88

- Atrophy: thinning of the skin surface, loss of skin markings. Skin appears translucent and paperlike - Examples: Aged skin, striae, discoid lupus erythematosus.

Question 89

Vascular Lesions: Tangiectasia

Answer 89

Tangiectasia: fine, irregular red line caused by permanent dilation of a group of superficial blood vessels.

Question 90

Vascular lesions: Cherry Angiomas

Answer 90

Cherry angiomas: small, slightly raised, bright red area that typically appears on the face, neck, and trunk of the body. These increase in size and number with advanced age.

Question 91

A callus is an?

Answer 91

Area of excessive thickening skin that is an expected variation associated with friction or pressure over a particular surface area. A callus is commonly found on the hands or feet.

Question 92

Abnormal skin findings: Texture: Excessive dryness, flaking, cracking, or scaling of the skin may occur secondary to environmental conditions or may be signs of?

Answer 92

systemic disease or nutritional deficiency. Look for areas of maceration, discoloration, or rashes under skinfolds.

Question 93

Abnormal finding for skin temperature Cool Skin: Generalized cool or cold skin is an abnormal finding and may be associated with shock or hypothermia. Localization of cold skin, particularly in the extremities, may be an indication of?

Answer 93

cool or cold skin is an abnormal finding and may be associated with shock or hypothermia. Localization of cold skin, particularly in the extremities, may be an indication of poor peripheral perfusion. Hot Skin: Generalized hot skin is a reflection of hyperthermia. This may be associated with a fever, increased metabolic rate (e.g., hyperthyroidism), or exercise. Localized areas of skin that are hot may reflect an inflammation, infection, traumatic injury, or thermal injury such as sunburn.

Question 94

Abnormal skin: Moisture: (excessive sweating) is an abnormal finding in the absence of strenuous activity. This may be a result of?

Answer 94

hyperthermia, extreme anxiety, pain, or shock. Excessively moist skin may often be seen with metabolic conditions such as hyperthyroidism.

Question 95

Abnormal skin finding: Mobility and Turgor: Edema, excessive scarring to the skin, or some connective tissue disorders (such as scleroderma) reduce skin mobility. Poor skin turgor is noted if “tenting” is observed or the skin slowly recedes back into place. Decreased turgor may result from?

Answer 95

dehydration or may be a finding in an individual who has experienced significant weight loss.

Question 96

Abnormal skin finding: Thickness: An increase in skin thickness is seen in patients with?

Answer 96

diabetes mellitus and is thought to be caused by abnormal collagen resulting from hyperglycemia. Excessively thin skin may take on a shiny or transparent appearance and is seen in hyperthyroidism, arterial insufficiency, and aging.

Question 97

Abnormal hair loss on the legs may indicate?

Answer 97

poor peripheral perfusion

Question 98

Thinning of the eyebrow is a prominent finding in?

Answer 98

hypothyroidism

Question 99

hair growth in women with an increase of hair on the face, body, and pubic area is called?

Answer 99

Hirsutism

Question 100

Hirsutism may be a sign of an?

Answer 100

underlying endocrine disorder

Question 101

Dull, coarse, and brittle hair is seen with?

Answer 101

nutritional deficiencies, hypothyroidism, and exposure to chemicals in some hair products and bleach.

Question 102

Hyperthyroidism makes the hair texture?

Answer 102

Fine

Question 103

Alopecia (hair loss) often occurs as a manifestation of many systemic diseases, including?

Answer 103

autoimmune disorders, anemic conditions, and nutritional deficiencies, or treatment with radiation or antineoplastic agents.

Question 104

The expected angle of the nail base is?

Answer 104

160 degrees

Question 105

Individuals with darker-pigmented skin typically have nails that are?

Answer 105

Yellow or brown, and vertical banded lines may appear

Question 106

Koilonychia (spoon nail) presents as?

Answer 106

a thin, depressed nail with the lateral edges turned upward. This is associated with anemia or may be congenital.

Question 107

Leukonychia appears as?

Answer 107

white spots on the nail plate. This is usually caused by minor trauma or manipulation of the cuticle.

Question 108

Clubbing is present when?

Answer 108

the angle of the nail base exceeds 180 degrees.

Question 109

Clubbing is caused by?

Answer 109

proliferation of the connective tissue, resulting in an enlargement of the distal fingers. Clubbing is most commonly associated with chronic respiratory or cardiovascular disease.

Question 110

Beau's lines manifest as?

Answer 110

a groove or transverse depression running across the nail. They result from a stressor such as trauma that temporarily impairs nail formation. The groove first appears at the base of the nail by the cuticle and moves forward as the nail grows out.

Question 111

Pitting of the nail is commonly associated with?

Answer 111

psoriasis

Question 112

Thinning or brittleness of the nail may be?

Answer 112

secondary to poor peripheral circulation or inadequate nutrition.

Question 113

Early Signs of Melanoma - To help you remember the early signs of melanoma, use the mnemonic ABCDEF (Box 9-1)

Answer 113

A—Asymmetry (not round or oval) B—Border (poorly defined or irregular border) C—Color (uneven, variegated) D—Diameter (usually greater than 6 mm) E—Elevation (recent change from flat to raised lesion) F—Feeling (sensation of itching, tingling, or stinging within the lesion)

Question 114

Recommendations to Reduce Risk (Primary Prevention) American Cancer Society -Skin should be protected by sun exposure by?

Answer 114

- Covering with tightly woven clothing and a wide-brimmed hat. - Applying sunscreen that has sun protection factor (SPF) of 15 or higher to exposed skin (even on cloudy or hazy days). - Wearing sunglasses to protect the skin around the eyes. - Seeking shade (especially at midday) whenever possible. - Avoiding sunbathing and indoor tanning.

Question 115

Screening Recommendations (Secondary Prevention) American Cancer Society

Answer 115

Adults should examine their skin periodically; new or unusual lesions should be evaluated promptly by a health care provider. Use the ABCDEF mnemonic for evaluating lesions.

Question 116

Coining is a treatment practiced by Cambodians and Vietnamese.

Answer 116

The body is rubbed vigorously with a coin while exerting pressure until red marks appear over the bony prominence of the rib cage on the back and chest. Marks created by this treatment frequently have been mistaken as signs of abuse or mistreatment.

Question 117

Cupping is an alternative medicine therapy for arthritis, stomach aches, bruises, and paralysis

Answer 117

Glass cups with negative pressure are applied to the skin; the negative pressure may be achieved by heating the air in the cups before application. As a result of the heat, the cup adheres to the skin and may leave a reddened area or mark. This is practiced by Latin American and Russian cultures.