EXPLOSIVES Flashcards by Kristen Rain M. ERODIAS

substance is a solid or liquid substance (or a mixture of substances) that is in itself capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure and at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings.

EXPLOSIVE

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explosive mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter)

Black Powder

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the discovery of nitroglycerin and nitrocellulose

before 1850

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the invention of dynamites and mercury fulminate blasting cap

after 1850

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smokeless powder was made

1887

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Where did we employ explosive?

Mining
Digging
Trucks and airplanes

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Mining of all kinds depends on_____, it is necessary to act as the clearing, of stumps and large boulders from land.

blasting

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Digging of holes for tree planting and ditches for drainage is quickly efficiently, and cheaply done by means of

dynamite

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is a material that, under the influence of thermal or mechanical shock, decomposes rapidly and spontaneously with the evolution of a great deal of heat and much gas

explosive

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contains lead azide, mercury fulminate, diazodinitro-phenol, lead styphnate (lead trillitro-resorcillate).

Initiating or primary explosives (detonators)

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sensitive materials which can be made to explode by the application of fire or by means of a slight blow.

Initiating or primary explosives (detonators)

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used in primers, detonators, and percussion caps

Initiating or primary explosives (detonators)

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includes amatols, pentaerythritoltetranitrate, cyclonite (hexogen or R.D.X.), tetryl,l dynamites, nitro-starch.

High explosives-trinitro-toluene (T.N.T.)

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insensitive to both mechanical shock and flame but explode with great violence when set off by an explosive shock such as that which would be obtained by detonating a small amount of an initiating explosive in contact with the high explosive.

High explosives-trinitro-toluene (T.N.T.)

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in high and primary explosives, decomposition proceeds by means of

detonation

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is rapid chemical destruction progressing directly through the mass of the explosive.

detonation

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also is used as a booster between the initiating and high explosive

tetryl

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-mode of decomposition is burn.
-less shattering
- evolve large volumes of gas on combustion in a definite and controllable manner.

Low explosives or propellants-colloided cellulose nitrate (smokeless powder)

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refers to all black powder having sodium or potassium nitrate as a constituent

black blasting powder

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Considered to be one of the most useful explosives

black blasting powder

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One which has been approved by the US Bureau of Miners or British Ministry of Fuel and Power for use in gas or dust-filled mines.

permissible explosive

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how many percent does permissible explosives are employed in coal mines

99%

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constitutes over 65 percent of the weight of the permissible

ammonium nitrate explosives

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contain an excess of free water or carbon

nitro-glycerine explosives

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permissible explosive includes

ammonium nitrate, hydrated, organic nitrate and nitroglycerin

power is also called

brisance

may be measured by exploding a small quantity of it in a sand bomb

power or brisance

a heavy-walled vessel designed to resist the explosion without being ruptured

sandbomb

sand bomb cotains how many grams of ottawa silica sand

200 grams

the sand is sieved and the weight of sand passing through the 20-mesh screen is taken as a measure of the power of the explosive being tested

false-(30)

measures the power of the explosive by measuring the ballooning of a soft lead cylinder in which the explosive is inserted and exploded

trauzl block test

how deep is the center hole of the trauzl block

125 mm

how many grams of explosive is used in making the trauzl block test and the results are reported in terms of the cubic centimeters of increase in volume caused by the detonation of the explosive.

10 grams

is determined by finding the height from which a standard weight must be allowed to fall in order to detonate the explosive and is important in the case of initiating explosives

sensitvity

a recent method developed for determining the velocity of detonation

high-speed photography.

is dependent on many factors including the composition of the explosive, the density at which it was loaded BEFORE firing, and the degree of confinement.

velocity of detonation

tests that are frequently run to determine the stability of explosives on storage

accelerated aging tests

The speed required for the evolution of traces of oxides of nitrogen at a comparatively high temperature is most frequently used for this purpose.

false (time)

holds the primer, igniter, and propellant charge

steel or thin brass cartridge

The bursting charge or high explosive is usually T.N.T. alone or in admixture with, for example, P.E.T.N., R.D.X., or tetryl.

T.N.T. alone or in admixture with, for example, P.E.T.N., R.D.X., or tetryl.

sets off a small quantity of a primary explosive (detonator) which causes the explosion of the booster

fuze

an explosive of intermediate sensitivity (between that of a primary explosive and the bursting charge), which picks up the explosive wave from the primary explosive, amplifies it, and ensures the complete detonation of the bursting charge.

booster

contains a small amount of a primary explosive or sensitive mixture

primer

sequence in the ammunition

igniter propellant projectile fuze detonator booster bursting charge

must have heavy walls and contain an explosive so insensitive to impact .

projectiles designed for armor pirceing

At high enough temperatures, ________can violently decompose on its own. This process creates gases including nitrogen oxides and water vapor.

ammonium nitrate

-extremely low sensitivity to impact -low cost of production -excellent thermal stability

Guanidine picrates

2 suitable explosives that can be used in projectiles

ammonium nitrate guanidine picrate

Special projectiles loaded with lead balls embedded in a matrix of rosin or bakelite and equipped with a time fuze causing them to explode in mid-air are known as

shrapnel

pushed black powder out of use as a military propellant.

nitro-cellulose

what is the molecular weight of cellulose

300,000

The finished nitro-cellulose should not be allowed to become acid in use or storage as this catalyzes its further decomposition.

true

is added which reacts with any trace of nitrous, nitric, or sulfuric acid that may be released due to the decomposition of the nitro-cellulose and thus stop further decomposition.

stabilizer

the stabilizer used in smokeless powder

diphenylamine

stabilizer used in celluloid

urea

Poaching of the washed nitrated cotton by boiling first with a dilute Na2CO3 solution (5 lb. soda ash per ton of the cellulose nitrate) and then with many washes of boiling pure water

unit pr.

The poached nitro-cellulose is freed of most of its water by

centrifugation

centrifugation of poached nitro-cellulose results in how many percent water content

28%

The water content of the nitrated cotton is reduced to a low figure by _________ under ______

alcohol percolation pressure dehydration (Op.).

The nitro-cellulose produced in this manner contains about 12.6% nitrogen and is known as pyrocotton.

pyrocotton.

the nitrogen content may be made as high as 13.6% nitrogen by using

stronger acid

Cotton nitrated to contain 13.2% nitrogen or greater is known as

guncotton.

The modern military smokeless powder contains about ____ nitrogen and is made from a blend of pyro- and guncotton.

13.15%

is colloided nitro-cellulose containing about 1% of diphenylamine to improve its storage life and a small amount of a plasticizer

smokeless powder

oldest known propellant.

Black powder

replace black powder for its smokelessness, superior power, and better storage characteristics

smokeless powder

are low explosives consisting of fuels that include their own oxidant or other reactants necessary to cause the planned reaction

rocket propellants

added to the combustion chamber as liquids used in a single propellant system, serving as fuel, oxidizer, and catalyst

liquid propellants

used in bipropellant systems- fuels and oxidizers stored in two fuel tanks and fed separately to the combustion chamber

liquid fuel

combined the fuel and oxidizer in one mixture

monopropellants

used in large high-performance rockets for their specific impulse and low cost

LOX and LH2

have the advantage over liquid because of their simple design and they are easily stored, handed, and serviced

SOLID PROPELLANTS

TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOLID PROPELLANTS

HETEROGENOUS OR COMPOSITE HOMOGENOUS

APPLICATION OF SOLID PROPELLANTS

PROPULSIVE UNITS FOR MISSILES TARGET DRONES SUPERSONIC SLEDS

a type of spacecraft that require rocket propulsion for launching

Artificial satellites

Industrial procedures which make use of small quantities of explosive

Miscellaneous Industrial Explosive

can be placed without backing devices

Explosive rivets

extremely reliable on space missions and in industrial emergency devices

Explosive thrustors , pin pullers, separators, and release deviceS

to form plate heat exchangers

3. Explosive welding –

are explosive powered

Ejection seat

mixture of strong oxidizing agents, oxidizable material and material acting as binders that alter the character of the flame with color-producing chemical

pyrotechnics

Pyrotechnics mixtures uses

illuminatiing flares marine signal rockets red signal flare by trucks and trains colored knowght mixtures fir military purposes

is an essential industry that is highly mechanized

manufacture of matches

A fuel with a low kindling point

phosphorous sesquisulfide

oxidizing agent in matches

potassium or barium chlorate

two categories of matches

safety and strike-anywhere

cost is less vital and accent is on performance and good storage life

military explosives

major explosive substance

Ammonium nitrate

used for armor-piercing shells for its extraordinary resistance to shock

ammonium pictrate

Important military explosive with a mixture of ammonium nitrate Loaded into bombs and shells in a molten state because of its low melting point Made by multiple-stage nitration of toluene with nitric and sulfuric acids

trinitrotoluene

2,4,6- trinitrophenylmethylnitramine, C6H2(NO2)3NCH3NO2 Used as a base charge in blasting caps, booster explosive in high-explosive shell, and ingredient of binary explosives

tetryl

2,4,6- trinitrophenol Manufactured by the nitration of mixed phenolsulfonates with mixed acid

pictric acid

Ammonium picrate Made by neutralization of mixed phenolsulfonate with mixed acids.

explosive D

Pentaerythritol tetranitrate C(CH2ONO2)4 One of the most brisant and sensitive of the military high explosive Use as a booster explosive, bursting charge, or plastic demolition charge Desensitized by admixture with TNT or addition of wax

PETN

Cyclonite or sym-trimethylenetrinitramine (CH2)3N3(NO2)3 One of the most powerful explosive known at present time Used in a mixture with TNT and aluminium, known as torpex for mines, depth charges and torpedo warheads

RDX

Replace mercury fukminate as an initiating explosive for blasting caps Has remarkable stability, involves no strategic materilas, and can be manufactured in large batches

LEAD AZIDE

Trinitroresorcinol Forms two salt on reaction with lead acetate or nitrate, basic lead stypnate C6H2(NO2)3OPbOH and lead styphnate

STYPHNIIC ACID

basic styphnate is a favorite primer ingredient

LEAD STYPHNATE

were the largest single category of chemical supplies consumed during World War 2 and were the vital factors in that victory

Incendiaries

Take the form of bombs, bomblets, artillery shells and grenades

incendiaries

two classes of incediaries

metallic and peroleum

causes ignition of combustible materials at the target

incediary

oldest chemical weapon known to humans

flammable mixture

mixture of aluminum powder and iron oxide

thermite

when ignited, burn fiercely at a high temperature and cannot extinguished by means of water

thermite

Modern use began 1915 with the release of chlorine

Toxic Chemicals

toxic agents are designed to produce temporary incapacity

true

toxic agents control riots and civil disobedience

true

toxic agents produce sneezing, tears, vomiting and nausea

true

use to hide area on a temporary basis dispersed by mechanical, thermal, and chemical means

smokes or persistent fogs

Created by forming low volatile droplets of water which remain dispensed in air

fogs

used in smoke grenade

oil vapor mists

Made by burning pyrotechnics mixture which volatilizes various heat-resistant organic dyes

Colored smokes