export_geography final Flashcards
(153 cards)
<p>Population Geography</p>
<p>Distribution of mankind across our planet. This population is constantly changing because of two things:
Internal Population Dynamics: Births and Deaths
Migration: Emigration and Immigration</p>
<p>Study of Demography</p>
<p>The study of individual populations in terms of specific group characteristics</p>
<p>Current Population Trends</p>
<p>About 90% of the population is on 20% of the land.
The three largest concentrations of the world populations are:
East Asia (China, Koreas, Japan);
South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh);
Europe (From the Atlantic to the Ural Mountains)</p>
<p>Cartograms</p>
<p>Maps that show relative size of populations by changing the size of the country.</p>
<p>Arithmetic Density</p>
<p> Population Density. i.e the number of people per unit area</p>
<p>Physiological Density</p>
<p>the density of population per unit of arable land
Tells the ability of population to support itself.</p>
<p>Population Density: Carrying Capacity</p>
<p>Determined by the fertility of the land
The more fertile the land, the more people that can be supported.</p>
<p>Population Density: Climate</p>
<p>Population densities are low in cold or dry areas.</p>
<p>Population Density: Topography</p>
<p>Soils can also impact population density.</p>
<p>World Population Growth</p>
<p>The Earth’s Population Reached:
1 billion 1800
2 billion 1930
4 billion 1975
6 billion 1999
The rate from 1965-1970 was 2.06.
The rate from 1985-1990 was 1.73.
The rate from 1995-2000 was 1.31.</p>
<p>Crude Birth Rate (Birth Rate)</p>
<p>The annual number of live births per 1000 people</p>
<p>Crude Death Rate (Death Rate)</p>
<p>The annual number of deaths per thousand people. Death rate also includes within it infant mortality rate. Infant mortality rate is the number of infants that die before reaching 1 year of age.</p>
<p>Overall population growth</p>
<p>The difference between these two numbers is the natural increase or decrease.</p>
<p>Fertility Rate</p>
<p>Number of children born per year per 1000 females in the population.
Doesn’t give an accurate estimate of the potential of new births, because a portion of the population female population is unable to bear children.</p>
<p>Total Fertility Rate</p>
Average number of children that would be born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years (15-49) and bore children according to a given fertility rate at each age group
<p>Replacement Rate</p>
the level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next (does not include impacts of migration).
<p>Zero Population Growth</p>
refers to a population that is unchanging – it is neither growing, nor declining; the growth rate is zero. This demographic balance could occur when the birth rate and death rate are equal.
<p>Life expectancy</p>
<p>The average number of years a newborn baby within a population can expect to live.</p>
<p>Doubling time</p>
The amount of time for a given population to double, based on the annual growth rate.
<p>Population Projections</p>
<p>prediction of the future assuming that current population trends remain the same or else change in defined ways.</p>
<p>Population Pyramid</p>
<p>represents two aspects of a population: Age and Gender.</p>
<p>Today's Population</p>
<p>Today’s median world population age is 26.4
Latin America, Africa, Near East median age ranges between 18-25.
Western Europe ~38
USA ~36</p>
<p>Dependency Ratio</p>
<p>Suggests what proportion of its people is in their most productive years.
Dependency Ratio = [ (dependents ages: 0 to 14 and 65+)/(productive ages: 15 to 64) ] x 100</p>
<p>Demographic Transition Model definition</p>
The demographic transition model defines
a pattern of growth that exhibits five distinct stages.
Demographic Transition Model
• Stage one: Pre-transition – Crude birth rate high – Crude death rate high – Little growth • Stage two: Early expanding – Lower death rates – Infant mortality rate – Natural increase high
Demographic Transition Model (Cont.)
Stage three: Late expanding – Indicative of richer developed countries – Higher standards of living/education • Stage four: Post-transition – Both birth and death rates low – Stable • Stage five: Declining
– natural decrease in populationMigration
The movement of people across our planet.
Immigration
When people relocate to another country.
Emmigration
when people leave a country
Factors that affect Migration
Push and Pull Factors Push factors drive people away from where they are. Pull factors attract people to new destinations.
Chain Migration
People go to another country, work and send a portion of the wages home so another family member can afford to come over to the country
Worker’s Remittances
People go to another country, work and send a portion of the wages home.
Barriers to Migration
• Physical barriers * Economic barriers * Cost factors * Cultural factors * Political barriers
Brain Drain
The migration of most talented, educated and skilled workers to more developed countries.
Refugee
Culture
The specialized behavioral patterns, understandings and adaptations that summarize the way of life for a group of people.
Artifacts
material objects of a culture and literally means “a thing made by skill.”
Evolutionism
States that most sources for cultural change are embedded in the culture from the beginning and change is internally determined.
Diffusionism
States that various aspects of cultures spread out from their place of origin and are adopted by other cultures
Theory of Human Stages
Based on the assumption that all cultures evolve through certain stages of development. These stages are defined by the way a culture exploits the environment The bad part about this theory is that no one could be considered just different, someone was always “more advanced” or “more primitive.”
Pastoral Nomadism
No fixed residences, but drive domesticated animals from one place to another to find grazing lands and water
Subsistence Agriculture
People stayed in one spot and raised food only for themselves.
Commercial Agriculture
Raising crops to sell for profit
Industrialization
Development of mechanical means of harvesting natural resources and producing goods.
Historical Materialism
The theory that humankind has progressively conquered the physical environment in order to improve material welfare. Simply put: Social Evolution is rooted in Technological Evolution
Innovation
Implies changes to a culture that result from ideas created within a social group itself and adopted by a culture. (Hearth)
Diffusion
The process by which a concept, practice or innovation spreads from its point of origin to new territories.
Cultural Diffusion
If diffusion has taken place, you must be able to illustrate its path from one culture to another.
Acculturation
The process of adopting some aspect of another culture
Cultural Ecology
Environmental Determinism
States that human cultural characteristics are entirely due to their physical environments.
Possiblism
The physical environment may limit some human actions, but people are the dynamic force in cultural development.
Folk Culture
refers to a culture that preserves its traditions. They are conservative and resistant to change. Most are rural and the isolation helps to preserve their integrity by limiting interactions with other cultures.
Popular Culture
Refers to a culture of people who embrace innovation and conform to changing norms. These cultures are largely defined by consumption.
Spatial identities
attachment to particular places
Ethnocentrism
belief that one’s own culture is best
Cognitive behavioralism
Behavior according to perceptions
Proxemics
Cultural Realm
The entire region throughout which a culture prevails. Any aspect of a culture may be used to define a cultural realm. Religion is an important part of culture and is often chosen as a criterion.
Language
a set of words, their pronunciation and methods of combining them, which is used and understood to communicate within a group of people.
Dialect
A minor variation in language
Polyglot state
a country that has more than one official language.
Dialect or Linguistic Geography
The study of different dialects and languages across space.
Linguistic Geography
Languages tend to “travel” parallel to the physical landscape because physical features often act as barriers to migration and diffusion. Languages tend to move along broad low lands, such as river valleys, and along transportation and trade routes.
Isogloss
World’s Major Languages
• 6,000-7,000 distinct languages, 77 with 10 million speakers as first language * 50% of world population speak one of 12 major languages * Most-spoken languages: – Chinese (1.2 billion native speakers) – English: * 328 million speakers * Official language of 50 countries
Protolanguage
Language family
Languages that are related by descent from a common protolanguage.
Study of toponymy
study of place names. Place names can record natural features in the present or as they were in the past.
Religions
The system of beliefs regarding conduct in accordance with teachings found in sacred writings or declared by authoritative teachers.
• Orthopraxy
Focused on appropriate behavior – Confucianism, Taoism, Shintoism
Orthodoxy
Believes in a set of philosophical or theological questions (life after death) – Christianity, Judaism
Fundamentalism
Strict adherence to traditional beliefs
Secularism
Universalizing Religions
Faiths that proclaim applicability to all humans and that seek to transmit their beliefs through missionary work and conversation. – Christianity, Islam, Buddhism
Ethnic Religions
Strong territorial and group identification. One usually becomes a member by birth or adoption of a complex lifestyle and cultural identity. – Judaism, Indian Hinduism, Japanese Shinto
Tribal Religions
Special forms of ethnic religions distinguished by their small size, close ties to nature. – Animism and Shamanism
Theocracy
City
a concentrated non-agricultural human settlement. Every settled society builds cities because some essential functions of a society are most conveniently performed at a location that is central to the surrounding countryside.
Urbanization
The process of concentrating populations into cities
Hinterland
The region to which any city provides its services and upon which it draws for its needs
Incorporation
The process of defining a city territory and establishing a government
Conurbanations
Sometimes several cities grow large and merge together into vast urban areas
Agglomeration
Cities bring people and activities together in one place for greater convenience.
The Central Place Theory
1. The hinterlands must divide the space completely so that every point is inside the hinterland of some market. 2. All market’s hinterlands must be of uniform shape and size. 3. Within each market region, the distance from the central place to the farthest peripheral location must be minimal.
The concentric zone model
States that development in the city takes place in concentric rings around a central business district located at the center.
Sector model
states that cities will expand outward along transportation routes or waterways.
Multiple-nuclei model
states that several nodes will expand into each other.
Basic Sector
That part of the city’s economy that is producing exports.
Nonbasic Sector
That part of the economy serving the needs of the city itself.
itinerant business
Businesses that come to the consumer. Travel from place to place to reach their market.
External economies
when the business needs to hire outside of its business for some of the goods in services it needs to function.
Internal economy
Has its own equipment and hires its own staff.
Congregation
when people want to live with other people like | themselves.
Segregation
when people are forced to live near other people like themselves due to discrimination.
Zoning laws
state minimum lot sizes and how far back structures need to be from the property lines, and also dictate what types of uses can be developed in what portions of the city
Political geography
States
independent political units holding sovereignty over a territory
Nations
It is a community of people with a common culture and territory who want to have their own government and rule themselves.
Nation-State
a “perfect” state where the state ruling over a territory that contains only one nation and contains all the people of the nation.
Country
generic term used to describe a political boundary and everything within it.
Cultural Subnationalism
when the entire population of a state is not bound by a shared sense of nationalism but is split among several local primary allegiances.
Multinational or binational state
those that contain more than one nation.
Part-nation state
Single nation dispersed across and predominant in two or more states
Stateless nation
People without a state
Types of Nations/states
Challenges to the State
• Globalization of economies * Proliferation of international and supranational institutions * Emergence and multiplication of NGOs * Massive international migration flows * Increase in nationalist and separatist movements
Geography of States
• Size * Shape * Location * These characteristics affect the power and stability of states.
Compact Shape of State
The closest you can get to a circle. High degree of efficiency. Usually the capital city is in or near the center
Fragmented Shape of States
Consist of several isolated bits of territory. Usually composed of islands or colonies
Elongated Shape of states
Usually long and thin. Often the shape is a result of national barriers
Prorupted (Protruded) Shape of States
these are nearly compact except for an extension called a corridor. These countries usually have corridors in order to obtain natural resources or to access ports.
Perforated Shape of States
Have another state enclosed entirely within them. A nation or group within the country achieved its independence.
Absolute locations
can determine which impacts climate and agricultural viability.
Relative location
Looks at a countries position compared to those around it. If located along a major trade route: • Economic advantages • Diffusion of new ideas and technologies If landlocked: • Geographic disadvantage
Natural (physical) boundaries
– Mountains, rivers, lakes, etc.
Artificial (geometric) boundaries
– Sections of parallels or meridians
Antecedent boundaries
Established before the area is well populated
Subsequent boundaries
Established after the area has been settled
Types of subsequent boundaries
Irredentism
Desire of a state to reclaim and reoccupy an area that is consider "lost" or "unredeemed".
Resource disputes
– Movement of peoples across border – Internationally significant resource in border region – Crucial physical or cultural resource on adjacent land in neighboring state
Supranationalism
Associations of states created for mutual benefit and to achieve shared objectives
Maritime boundaries
Oceans remained outside individual national control or international jurisdiction until recent history
Centrifugal Forces
those that tend to pull a state | apart. Subnationalism is one of these forces.
Centripetal forces
Those that bind a state together. Patriotism is an example.
Multinational states
those that contain more than one nation, suffer from centrifugal forces and divisive politics.
Subnationalism
Feeling that one owes primary allegiance to a | traditional group or nation rather than to the state
Regionalism
Minority group identification with a particular region of a state rather than with the state as a whole
Devolution
Decentralization of political control
Ethnic cleansing
Killing or forcible relocation of one traditional or ethnic group by a more powerful one
Common characteristics of separatist movements
Peripheral location and social and economic inequality
Nationalism
Identification with the state and acceptance of national goals
Genocide
Intentionally trying to eliminate a group based on * Nationality * Religion * Ethnicity * Race
6 institutions that Form National Identity
1.) Religion 2.) Armed Forces 3. ) Schools 4. ) Media 5. ) Political Parties 6. ) Labor Unions
Autocracy
Rule for the benefit of the ruler, or elite
Authoritarian
Use of coercion and force
Kleptocracies
Government by theft
Gerrymandering
– Manipulating boundaries to gain advantage – Power of redistricting after each census – Easley vs. Cromartie (2001): Gerrymandering for party advantage allowed, for racial advantage not allowed
Gross domestic product (GDP)
Total value of all goods and services produced within a country. Best used to analyze a country’s internal economy. The GNP is best used to compare and contrast countries.
Gross national product (GNP)
The GDP plus any income residents receive from foreign investments, minus any money paid out of the country to foreign investors.
Human Development Index (HDI)
Used to calculate a value, based on GDP, life expectancy, and adult literacy. This calculation gives a number between 0 and 1. The higher the value, the higher the quality of life.
Economic Geography
the study of how people earn their living, how livelihood systems vary by area, and how economic activities are spatially interrelated and linked.
Forces Shaping Economic Activity
• Physical Environment (topography, climate, natural resources) • Cultural Considerations (culturally based food preferences) * Technological Development (level of technology available and needed) * Political Decisions (subsidies, tariffs, production restrictions) * Economic Factors (supply and demand)
Preindustrial societies
Those where the bulk of their employment is in the primary sector. Many societies still today are pre-industrial, and even with high percentages of their workers in agriculture, many can barely feed themselves.
Industrial Societies
Many jobs lost in agriculture were initially replaced by new opportunities in industry, and the proportion of workers in the secondary sector increase until, at no precisely defined point, certain societies became Industrial Societies.
Postindustrial Society
Services accounted for almost 25 percent of all jobs in the US by 1929. Sometime in the 1940’s the proportion first exceeded 50% and the US became the world’s first Postindustrial Society
Categories of Activity: Primary Sector
Workers that extract resources directly with the Earth Agriculture Gathering Industries Extractive Industries
Categorizes of activity: Secondary Sector
Add value to materials by changing their form or combining them into more useful and therefore more valuable commodities. Manufacturing Construction Energy Production
Categories of Activity: Tertiary Sector
Consist of businesses and labor that specialize in providing goods and services. Professional Services Retail Trade Support services for Primary and Secondary Sectors
Categories of Activity: Quaternary Sector
Composed entirely of services rendered by professionals working in information based services. Teachers Government Management Research
Quinary Sector
A subdivision of the Quaternary Sector that involves high-level decision makers. CEO’s
Tertiary and Beyond
Tertiary, Quaternary and Quinary are the least dependent on location of natural resources and more dependent on location of markets and economic resources.
