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Microbio exam 2 > export_respiratory tract fungal infections > Flashcards

export_respiratory tract fungal infections Flashcards

1
Q

Common infection by zygomycetes

A

Mucomycosis (sinus infection)

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2
Q

Common infection caused by Candida

A

Thrush, esophagitis

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3
Q

Common fungal infections (and cause) of the lungs

A

Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma)
Blastomycosis (Blastomyces)

Paracoccidioidomycosis) Paracoccidioides)

Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides)

Cryptococcosis (Cryptococcus)

PCP (Pneumocystis)

Aspergillosis (Aspergillus)

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4
Q

Zygomycete organisms

A

Rhizopus
Absidia

Mucor

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5
Q

Zygomycete characteristics

A

Non-septate hyphae

Sporangia bearing sporangiospores

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6
Q

Most common zygomycete infection, and symptoms

A

Rhinocerebral zygomycosis

Congestion, blood-tinged rhinorrhea, headache, facial edema, coma, death

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7
Q

What comorbidity is common with rhinocerebral zygomycosis?

A

Diabetes

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8
Q

Diagnose zygomycoses

A

Hyphal elements
Culture confirmation

Broad, aseptate hyphae, frequently branching at 90 degree angles

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9
Q

Treatment for zygomycoses

A

Amphotericin B

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10
Q

Candidiasis

A

Most common cause is C. albicans

Yeast is normal flora, hyphal form is tissue

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11
Q

Oral candidiasis presentation

A

Diffuse erythema

White lesions composed of yeast and pseudohyphal C. albicans

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12
Q

Diagnose oral candidiasis

A

Observation in clinical material

Cultures generally NOT necessary

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13
Q

Treatment for oral candidiasis

A

Mouth washes or lozenges of nystatin and azole compounds

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14
Q

Systemic mycoses features

A

Not opportunistic, can cause disease in healthy individual

Inhalation leads to pulmonary infection, which results in all these systemic infections

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15
Q

Special feature of coccidioides immitis

A

Dimorphic - mold in environment, yeast in tissues

You will NOT see hyphae in the infection, but would in the environment

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16
Q

Special feature about Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Encapsulated yeast in both environment and in infection

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17
Q

Cause of histoplasmosis

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

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18
Q

Where does histoplasma grow?

A

In soil with bird/bat droppings

Chicken coops, caves, etc.

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19
Q

How is histoplasmosis contracted?

A

Inhalation of micro- or macroconidia

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20
Q

Characteristics of the macroconidia of histoplasma

A

Tuberculate (round bump) appearance

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21
Q

Progression of histoplasmosis

A

Inhalation of spores results in phagocytosis and convert into yeast form
Organism replicates and spreads through lymphatics/reticuloendothelial systems

22
Q

Disseminated histoplasmosis

A

Typically in immuno-compromised
Can be acute/life-threatening, or chronic and debilitating

Fever, night sweats, anorexia, weight loss, fatigue

Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy

23
Q

Diagnose histoplasmosis

A

Observation
Culturing organism - requires time (weeks) for yeast to grow out to mold, confirming dimorphism

Serology

24
Q

Treat histoplasmosis

A

Amphotericin B

Azoles

25
Q

Blastomycosis cause

A

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Dimorphic fungi

26
Q

Differentiate blastomyces dermatitidis from histoplasma capsulatum

A

B. dermatitidis is larger and has very thick cell walls

27
Q

Consequences of disseminated blastomycosis

A

Ulcerative lesions of skin, bone, and UG tract

28
Q

Symptoms of blastomycosis

A

Sputum production in cough, unlike H. capsulatum

Can mimic bacterial pneumonia

29
Q

Diagnose blastomycosis

A

Observation in sputum, thick cell walls

30
Q

Treatment for blastomycosis

A

Amphotericin B

Azole

31
Q

Paracoccidioidomycosis prevalence

A

Mostly occurs in men

32
Q

Paracoccidioidomycosis cause

A

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Dimorphic fungi

33
Q

Disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis presentation

A

Chronic cutaneous and mucocutaneous ulcers

34
Q

Diagnose p aracoccidioidomycosis

A

Observation, cultivation, serology

35
Q

Coccidioidomycosis causes

A

Coccidioides immitis and posadasii

36
Q

Coccidioidomycosis progression

A

Fungus converts into a spherule upon inhalation, which is multinucleated and produces hundreds of single nucleated spores

37
Q

Coccidioidomycosis symptoms

A

Mild to moderate influenza like syndrome

38
Q

Disseminated c occidioidomycosis

A 
Desert rheumatism
Coccidial meningitis (slow development)
39
Q

Diagnose c occidioidomycosis

A

Observation

Spherule in sputum

40
Q

Treatment for c occidioidomycosis

A

Azole

Amphotericin B

41
Q

Cryptococcosis cause and characteristics

A

Cryptococcus neoformans
NOT dimorphic

Encapsulated yeast

42
Q

Cryptococcal meningitis

A

Leading cause of fungal meningitis infections

43
Q

Cryptococcal meningitis progression

A

Develops slowly

Headaches, irritability, etc.

44
Q

Diagnose cryptococcosis

A

India ink stain
Cultivation

Serology

45
Q

Treatment of cryptococcosis

A

Long-term combo of Amphotericin B and fluconazole

46
Q

Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii) pneumonia (PCP) cause and characteristics

A 
Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii) 
 Phylogenetically related to fungi

Similar to protozoa

47
Q

PCP symptoms

A

Dyspnea, nonproductive cough, fever

48
Q

Diagnose PCP

A

ID organisms, requires specific staining

49
Q

Treatment of PCP

A

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

50
Q

Aspergillosis cause and characteristics

A

Asperigillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus
NOT dimorphic

SEPTATE HYPHAE

“Fungus balls”

51
Q

Treat aspergillosis

A

Azole
Echinocandin

Amphotericin B

Microbio exam 2 (12 decks)

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