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Science > Extended Chemistry > Flashcards

Extended Chemistry Flashcards

0
Q

What is the formula for mole calculations ?

A

Number of moles = mass in (g) (of compound or element)
—————————————————
Mr ( of element or compound

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1
Q

An ester is the mix of two things what are they ?

A

Alcohol and carbolic acids

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2
Q

When sodium hydroxide is added to a calcium solution, what colour will the precipitate go ?

A

White

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3
Q

When sodium hydroxide is added to a copper solution, what colour will the precipitate go ?

A

Blue

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4
Q

When sodium hydroxide is added to a iron 3+ solution, what colour will the precipitate go ?

A

Brown

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5
Q

When sodium hydroxide is added to a iron 2+ solution, what colour will the precipitate go ?

A

Green

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6
Q

When testing for the halide chloride what is the precipitate called and what colour is it ?

A

Silver chloride which is white colour

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7
Q

When testing for the halide bromide what is the precipitate called and what colour is it ?

A

Sliver bromide which is cream colour

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8
Q

When testing for the halide iodide what is the precipitate called and what colour is it ?

A

Sliver iodide which is yellow colour

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9
Q

2 easy ways you can identify hard water

A

1) Doesn’t leather soap very easily.

2) Makes scum

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10
Q

Hard water contains two ions

A
  • Magnesium ions

- Calcium ions

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11
Q

What is a positive ion called ?

A

Cation

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12
Q

What is a negative ion called ?

A

Anion

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13
Q

What electrode are cations attracted too?

A

Negative cathode

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14
Q

What are are anions attracted too?

A

Positive anode

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15
Q

Are electrons lost or gained during an oxidation reaction ?

A

Lost

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16
Q

Are electrons lost or gained during an reduction reaction ?

A

Gained

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17
Q

What happens to the simplest ion at the anode?

A

It’s discharged

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18
Q

If a metal is less reactive than hydrogen what happens at the cathode ?

A

The metal is discharged

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19
Q

If the hydrogen is less reactive than the metal, what happens at the cathode ?

A

The hydrogen is discharged

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20
Q

During electrolysis what are the half equations at the anode and cathode for copper chloride solution ?

A 
Cathode = Cu2+ + 2e- —> Cu
Anode = 2Cl- —> Cl2 + 2e-
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21
Q

During electrolysis what are the half equations at the anode and cathode for copper sulphate solution ?

A 
Cathode = Cu2+ + 2e- —> Cu 
Anode = 2Cl- —> Cl2 + 2e-
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22
Q

During electrolysis what are the half equations at the anode and cathode for sodium sulphate solution ?

A 
Cathode = 2H+ + 2e- —> H2 
Anode = 4OH- —> 2H2O + O2 +4e-
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23
Q

During electrolysis what are the half equations at the anode and cathode for sodium chloride solution ?

A 
Cathode = 2H+ + 2e- —> H2
Anode = 2Cl- —> Cl2 + 2e-
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24
Q

What is electroplating ?

A

Coating the surface of one metal using another metal, this is done by using electricity.

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25
Q

What gases is taken from the air and used in the Haber process?

A

Nitrogen + Hydrogen

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26
Q

What greatly increases the level of nutrients in water ?

A

Eutrophication

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27
Q

What is realised when ammonia is formed?

A

Heat

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28
Q

What happens when you decrease the temperature of the ammonia reaction ?

A

Increased the rate of the forward reaction.

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29
Q

What are titration so used for?

A

To find out CONCENTRATIONS

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30
Q

What type of reaction is a titration?

A

Neutralisation reaction

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31
Q

What is the universal indicator used for during a titration?

A

To tell you when the reaction has finished.

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32
Q

What equation is used to find out the number of moles in a liquid ?

A

Number of moles = concentration x volume

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33
Q

What equation is used to find out the concentration of a substance?

A

Concentration = moles/volume

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34
Q

What does the term ‘insoluble’ mean?

A

A substance which does not dissolve.

35
Q

In order to make soluble salts, you can react an acid with what two different reactants?

A

Insoluble base and soluble base (alkali).

36
Q

By adding copper oxide to hydrochloride acid you make what soluble salt?

A

Copper chloride

37
Q

What reactant is sodium and potassium? Soluble or insoluble?

A

Soluble base (alkali)

38
Q

During electroplating what electrode is the object being plated attracted to?

A

Cathode

39
Q

During the electroplating of a brass cup (NO3-) using a silver bar (Ag+), what is the half equation at the ANODE?

A

Ag —> Ag+ + e-

40
Q

During the electroplating of a brass cup (NO3-) using a silver bar (Ag+), what is the half equation at the CATHODE?

A

Ag+ + e- —> Ag

41
Q

Name two uses at electroplating?

A

1) Decoration

2) Prevent of Corrosion

42
Q

dm3 is equivalent to how many cm3

A

1000cm3 ( a litre)

43
Q

1mole of any gas always occupies how many dm3 ?

A

24 dm3

44
Q

(FILL IN THE GAP) 24dm3 is also know as the _____ _____ of a gas.

A

Molar volume

45
Q

What is 24dm2 of a gas also known as ?

A

Molar volume

46
Q

Define the homologous series ?

A

A group of compounds with the same general formula, one that decries all of the compounds in the group

47
Q

When naming the homologous series what is the 3 names ?

A

“Meth-“ One carbon
“Ethe-“ Two carbons
“Prop-“ Three carbons

48
Q

What happens when dynamic equilibrium occur ?

A
  • When the RATE OF FORWARD REACTION is the same as the RATE OF REVERSE REACTION.
  • There are no observable changes.
  • Both directions of reactions are happening at the same time.
49
Q

What method is used to concentrate ethonal?

A

Fractional Distillation

50
Q

The haber process produces what?

A

Ammonia

51
Q

Which two elements are used to make ammonia?

A

Nitrogen and hydrogen

52
Q

Ammonia is used to make what for the industry?

A

Fertilisers

53
Q

(FILL THE GAP)

Fermentation uses yeast to convert ________ into alcohol.

A

Carbohydrates

54
Q

What process is used to concentrate ethanol?

A

Fractional distillation

55
Q

Fractional distillation is used to increase the concentration of ethanol above what percentage?

A

20%

56
Q

Does ethanol have a lower or higher boiling point than water?

A

Lower

57
Q

What’s a pro to fermentation?

A

It’s a renewable resource

58
Q

What is a con of fermentation?

A

The quality of ethanol isn’t good.

It’s expensive to concentrate and purify the ethanol.

59
Q

By reacting ethene and water (steam) you produce what?

A

Ethanol

60
Q

In industry ethanol is made through ethene being reacted with steam. What is a pro to this production of ethanol?

A

It is fairly cheap.
Can be made continuously and quick.
It’s high quality and needs little further processing.

61
Q

What is a con of ethanol being made by ethene?

A

Ethene is a non-renewable resource; will start running out.

Will become expensive when it becomes scarce.

62
Q

Ethanol reduces activity of the nervous system. Give two effects this has on people…

A

TWO OF THE BELOW

  • increased reaction times
  • impaired judgment
  • poor balance
  • poor coordination
  • unconsciousness
  • coma
63
Q

Give two example of why alcohol is bad for society…

A
  • people become addicted to alcohol (alcoholism)
  • can lead to lairy behaviour and violence
  • can lead to irresponsible sexual behaviour
  • drink driving; causes death and serious injury
  • has economic costs
64
Q

What process can convert ethanol back to ethene?

A

Dehydration

65
Q

When ethanol is oxidised it creates what?

A

Ethanoic acid

66
Q

The salts formed from ethanoic acid are called what?

A

Ethanoates

67
Q

Ethanoic acid + magnesium —> ____________ + __________

A

Hydrogen + magnesium Ethanoate

68
Q

Ethanoic acid + sodium hydroxide —> __________ + __________

A

Sodium Ethanoate + water

69
Q

Ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate —> _______ +_______ + _________

A

Sodium Ethanoate + carbon dioxide + water

70
Q

Alcohol + carboxylic acid —> ______+_______

A

Ester + water

71
Q

What two purposes are esters commonly used for?

A
  • flavourings

- perfumes

72
Q

Long chain molecules are known as what?

A

Polymers

73
Q

What three things are made from polyesters?

A
  • plastic bottles
  • fabric
  • can be recycled into fleece
74
Q

When an ester reacts with an alkali, you end up with what?

A

A soap

75
Q

Is the hydroPHOBIC tail of a soap anion attracted to the water or oil?

A

Grease (e.g oil)

76
Q

Is the hydroPHILIC head of a soap anion attracted to water or grease?

A

Water

77
Q

What is group 1 in the periodic table called?

A

The alkali metals

78
Q

What is group 7 in the periodic table called?

A

The halogens

79
Q

What is group 0 in the periodic table called?

A

The noble gases

80
Q

What will adding sodium hydroxide (NaOH) do to a solution ?

A

Change is colour

81
Q

During a flame test Na will show what colour ?

A

Yellow / Orange

82
Q

During a flame test K will show what colour ?

A

Lilac

83
Q

During a flame test Cu will show what colour ?

A

Blue - green

84
Q

During a flame test Ca will show what colour ?

A

Brick red

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