External And Internal Factors Affecting Achievement Flashcards
(18 cards)
What did McRobbie find about the impact of feminism on girls?
Girls attitudes and values changed: magazines in the 70s emphasised the importance of getting married whereas nowadays they contain images of assertive independent women. Encouraged self image and ambitions in regards to family and careers improving education
What is the proportion of women in employment from 1971 to 2013?
53% in 1971 and 67% in 2013
How have changes in women’s employment encouraged female achievement?
Encouraged girls to see their future in terms of paid work rather than as housewives. Greater career opportunities and better pay for women provide an incentive for girls to gain qualifications
According to Sharpe, how have girls ambitions changed?
In the 70s, girls had low aspirations and their priorities were love, marriage, husbands and having children. Whereas In the 90s their ambitions had changed to careers and saw their future as an independent woman
How have equal opportunities policies encouraged academic achievement for girls?
GIST and WISE - encourages girls to pursue careers in non traditional areas. Female scientists visited schools acting as role models, national curriculum removed one source of gender inequality - girls and boys study mostly same subjects
How has positive role models in schools impacted gender differences in achievement?
Increase in proportion of female teachers + heads. Women in senior positions act as role models for girls. However a lack of male role models to incentivise boys leads to underachievement
According to Mitsos and Browne, why are girls more successful in coursework?
They are more conscientious and better organised than boys. They spend more time on their work and are better at meeting deadlines and being the right equipment to lessons
How do oral exams benefit girls?
Generally better developed language skills
How do girls achieve better due to their characteristics?
The result of early gender role socialisation in the family e.g. girls are more likely to be encouraged to be neat, tidy and patient, these qualities become an advantage in todays assessment system
What did Swann find about gender differences in communication styles?
Boys dominate in whole class discussion; whereas girls prefer pair work and are better at listening and cooperating. Teachers respond more positively to girls as they see them as cooperative. Leading to self fulfilling prophecy
How have challenging stereotypes in the curriculum affected gender differences in achievement according to Weiner?
80s - reading schemes portrayed women as housewives and mothers, with boys as more inventive.
Stereotypes challenged and removed; raising girls achievement by presenting them with positive images of what women can do
What are the four external factors that have had an impact on gender differences in achievement?
The impact of feminism, changes in the family, changes in women’s employment and girls changing ambitions
Changes in women’s employment:
1970 equal pay act made it illegal for women to be paid less than men tor work of equal value
Women now breaking through the glass ceiling - the invisible barrier that keeps them out of high level professional and managerial jobs
Evaluation of the view that girls do better in coursework
Elwood found that although coursework has some influence, it’s unlikely to be the only cause of the gender gap as exams have much more influence than coursework on final grades
What did French find about classroom interaction?
Boys received more attention because they displayed bad behaviour
What did Francis find about classroom interaction?
While boys got more attention
Why do teachers respond more positively to girls?
They generally see them as cooperative. This may lead to a self fulfilling prophecy in which successful interactions with teachers promote girls’ self esteem, thus raising achievement levels
How have selection and league tables lead to gender differences in achievement?
Jackson - the introduction of league tables improved opportunities for girls; high achieving girls are attractive to schools whereas low achieving boys aren’t. Self fulfilling prophecy
