External factors Flashcards
Who are the highest achieving pupils in the UK
Chinese and Indian
who are the lowest achieving pupils in the UK
Afro-Caribbean pupils
Cultural dep: what research did Englemann and Bereiter
intellectual and language skills
argue that children from black e/m backgrounds lack intellectual stimulation and enriching experiences needed for educational success. As a result they do not develop reasoning and problem solving skills. Similarly, they use the restricted code when speaking which holds them back. Many e/m families also do not speak English as their first language.
How can you evaluate Englemann and Bereiter’s research into language skills
This can be criticised as many Indian British children speak English as an additional language, yet do very well at school. Also speaking more than 2 languages improve your cognitive processes and shows that you can pay attention to 2 different things.
How do attitudes and values affect education
New Right argue that black e/m children are socialised
into sub cultural values such as fatalism attitudes which don’t value education. These children are therefore not encouraged to work hard at school which holds back their progress. Scruton argues that some e/m fail to integrate into the mainstream British culture which their children’s underachievement.
How can you evaluate new right claims about values and attitudes.
racist as they assume black culture and values are inferior and different to the mainstream culture, when in fact many black families support and encourage hard work.
Moynihan and his research into family structure and parental support
argues that many black e/m children are being brought up in lone parent families in which they are deprived of adequate care because the mother has to struggle financially in the absence of a male role model. He also see this deprivation as a cycle whereby poorly socialised children grow up and become inadequate parents themselves so the process is repeated for their children.
Murray: research into family structure and parental support
lack of positive male role models in black lone parent families causes the underachievement of those children, especially boys.
Pryce: Research into family structure and parental support
Asian students are higher achievers because
their culture is more resistant to racism and gives them a greater sense of self-worth. In contrast, Pryce
argues that black culture is less resistant to racism. As a result, black children have lower self-esteem which leads to underachievement. The reason for this difference between Asian and black communities is colonialism. Pryce argues that slavery was culturally devastating for black people. Being forced into slavery destroyed their culture as they were forced to abandon their language, and family systems. while Asians were colonised by the British, they were not enslaved which enabled them to maintain their culture.
How can you evaluate the sociologists that researched into family structure and parental support
They can be criticised for ignoring the white nuclear families who fail to socialise their children properly. Sewell argues that it is not the absence of black fathers as role models instead, Sewell argues it is the absence of fatherly nurturing (or tough love) that causes black boys to struggle to overcome the emotional difficulties of adolescence. The absence of a nurturing father leads the boys to look for role models in street gangs, however, these are anti-school and anti-education which leads to black boys’ underachievement.
What are the criticisms of cultural deprivation(compensatory education)
Compensatory education- is a policy to help e/m do better at school. E.g. Operation Head Start was created and aimed for the African American children in the USA to help them do better.
Criticism of cultural deprivation ( Driver)
He argues that ethnicity can have a positive effect
on achievement, e.g. Caribbean families provide girls
with positive female role models. This is why black
girls get better results than black boys.
Criticism of cultural deprivation
Lawrence
black boys underachieve due to racism.
Criticism of cultural deprivation
Keddie
e/m are culturally different and underachieve because schools are ethnocentric – they see e/m culture as inferior. This could be solved with anti-racist and multi-cultural education.
How does Material deprivation effect e/m pupils
e/m are more likely to be w/c which then causes them
to face material deprivation and live in poverty, e.g.
low income and substandard housing.Palmer argues e/m such as Pakistani and Bangladeshi tend to be among the poorest in the UK.
