Extra Flashcards
Name the live attenuated vaccines
Herpes zoster Varicella Influenza (also inactivated) Measles, mumps, rubella Oral typhoid Rotavirus Yellow fever Oral cholera
Name the inactivated vaccines
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis H. Influenzae Hep. A and B Human papilloma Influenza (also live attenuated) Meningococcal Pneumococcal Rabies Typhoid Inactivated polio
Candida albicans
Yeast
Part of normal flora (skin, vagina, mouth, bowels)
Opportunistic pathogen (thrush, vaginitis, diaper rash)
Can produce pseudohypha and true hypha (via germ tube)
To treat, use azoles, echinocandins, and polyenes
Aspergillus
Mold
Septate hyphae
Opportunistic pathogen
Rhizopus/mucor/rhizomucor
Zygomycete (nonseptate)
Causes rhinocerebral zygomycosis (mucormycosis)
Opportunistic pathogen
Thrives in high glucose and acidic environments
mycobacterium tuberculosis/bovis
Bacilli, obligate aerobe, AFB (mycolic acids, waxy coat, technically gram +), slow growing, infectious via respiratory route. Noninfectious in latent phase. Granuloma - immune system walling off infection, caesous necrosis. Ghon complex - lymph node +calcified granuloma. Early stage results in cough, bloody sputum, tissue necrosis. Cant tell between MTB and NTM through microscopy.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Gram negative, bacilli, obligate aerobe, oxidase positive, produces pyocyanin, does not ferment lactose or glucose, smells like corn chips, grows at 47 C.
Streptococcus species
Gram positive, microaerophilic, major cause of endocarditis (especially S. Mutans)
S. Pyogenes causes strep throat. Beta hemolytic (other strep.species are alpha or gamma). Inhibited by low concentration of bacitracin.
Staphylococcus aureus
Gram positive
Normal part of oropharyngeal flora (1/3rd of population)
May cause food poising, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, cellulitis, abscesses
Influenza A
Enters via viropexis
May cause the flu (fever, chills, aches) or viral pneumonia
Live attenuated or inactivated vaccine
Spread through respiratory route
Incubation = 1-2 asymptomatic
Virus is shed 5-10 days after symptoms appear
Bordatella pertussis
Causes whooping cough
Gram -, obligate aerobe, coccobacillus
Can cause pharyngitis
Inactivated vaccine available
Legionella pneumophilia
Gram -, obligate aerobe, pleomorphic, forms biofilm in water systems, grows on BYCE only (contains L cysteine, takes 3-7 days to grow). Can cause environmentally aquired atypical pneumonia.. can be necrotizing resulting in bloody mucousy sputum. Requires non B lactam antibiotics
Cryptococcus neoformans
Opportunistic fungi Yeast Obligate aerobe Capsule Causes lung diseases Found in bird poop
Haemophilis influenzae
Pleomorphic, gram -, facultative anaerobe
May cause pneumonia, otitis, *epiglottitis.
Only grows on chocolate agar** (requires hemin and NAD)
Only competent to transformation with same genus
Killed by aminopenicillins
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Enteric gram -, bacilli, capsule, facultative anaerobe, can cause acute atypical pneumonia, oxidase negative, lactose fermenter, glucose fermenter
Clostridium difficile
Gram positive, obligate anaerobe, forms spores and biofilms, may cause pseudomembranous colitis with antibiotics, fecal transplants may overcome these infections
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram positive, microaerophilic, capsule, catalase negative, sensitive to optochin, bile soluble (sodium desoxycholate), most common cause of acute typical pneumonia
SBA
Demonstrates hemolysis…
A - greenish halo
B - colorless halo
Gamma - no halo
Chocolate agar
Lysed SBA
Grows fastidious organisms
X and V factors
Grows haemophilis influenzae
CNA
Growth of G + while inhibiting growth of G -
It is SBA with acids added to it
Macconkey’s agar
Growth of G - while inhibiting G +, yeast, and G - cocci.
Pink = lactose fermenter
Yellowish = non lactose fermenter
TSB
Allows rapid growth of bacteria
Modified thayer martin agar
Contains vancomycin
Modified chocolate agar
Allows isolation of N gonorrhea
Natural penicillins
Mechanism
Inhibits transpeptidase
Activates autolytic enzymes
Bactericidal
Penicillinase sensitive
