extra

Question 1

____ has a higher affinity for B2

Answer 1

EPI

Question 2

What receptors respond best to NE?

Answer 2

All alpha and B3

Question 3

What receptor responds equally to NE and Epi?

Answer 3

B1

Question 4

What happens to CRH, ACTH and cortisol levels during a steroid adminisation (other than cortisol)

Answer 4

CRH: decrease

ACTH: decrease

Cortisol: decrease (but symptoms of excess)

Question 5

Primary chronic adrenocorticoinsuffiency. aka

Answer 5

addisons

Question 6

Addisons disease sx

Answer 6

malaise, fatique, weightloss, hyperpigmentation

Question 7

Pituitary somatotroph adenoma

Answer 7

-> increase GH secretion

Question 8

Cortisol: goal is to

Answer 8

increase blood glucose levels

Liver: increase gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

Muscle: protein breakdown

Fat: lipolysis

Question 9

What would you see in a patient with Cushing syndrome on dexamethosome test?

Answer 9

Adrenal tumor: ACTH will decrease but cortisol will be high and cortisol fails to be supressed

Question 10

Conn’s syndrome

Answer 10

-> primary hyperaldosteronism

Question 11

Cosyntropin (synthetic ACTH) stimulation test to test for

Answer 11

primary/secondary adrenal insuffiency

Question 12

In acromegaly, high plasma levels of GH cause cause what?

Answer 12

insulin resistance. Thus, liver makes alot of glucose and uptake by the peripheraly tissues is impaired.

Question 13

During exercise, glucose utilization. by the muscle is what??

Answer 13

increased. which is largely. dependent on insulin.

Question 14

Exposure to UV light does what?

Answer 14

convert choesterol -> 25 hydroxycholeciferol

Question 15

What is this: cells secrete chemicals into the ECF that act on cells in the same tissue.

Answer 15

paracrine

Question 16

What would you see in a patient with a. low Na+ diet

Aldosterone

Cortisol

K+

Answer 16

High

Normal

normal

Although aldosterone increases K+ secreteion, this is offset by a. low distal tubular flow. rate. Thus, there is little change on K+ excretion or plasma K+ concentration

Question 17

In patients with nephrogenic DBI: kidneys do not respond app to ADH.

How is the Urine osmolarity. affected and plasma osmolarity affected

Answer 17

cant form concentrated urine

Changes in plasma osmolarity. will produce normal ADH secretion responess

Question 18

A 30-year-old woman reports to the clinic for a routine physical examination. e examination reveals she is pregnant. Her plasma levels of TSH are high, but her total thyroid hormone concentration is normal. Which of the following best re ects the patient’s clinical state?

A) Graves’ disease

B) Hashimoto’s disease

C) A pituitary tumor secreting TSH

D) A hypothalamic tumor secreting thyrotropin-

releasing hormone (TRH)

E) e patient is taking thyroid extract

Answer 18

B.

As a result of negative feedback, plasma levels of

TSH are a sensitive index of circulating levels of un-
bound (free) thyroid hormones. High plasma levels of

TSH indicate inappropriately low levels of free thyroid hormones in the circulation, such as are present with autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland in persons with Hashimoto’s disease. However, because elevated plasma levels of estrogen in pregnancy increase

hepatic production of TBG, the total amount (bound

+ free) of thyroid hormones in the circulation is ele-
vated. Plasma levels of thyroid hormones are elevated

in persons with Graves’ disease and in patients with
a pituitary TSH-secreting tumor, as well in patients
given thyroid extract for therapy.

Question 19

What affects does glucagon have on muscle?

Answer 19

no effects on muscle

Question 20

A large dose of insulinis administered intravenously to a patient. Which set of hormonal changes is most likely to occur in the plasma in response to the insulin injection?

GH

Glucagon

EPI

Answer 20

increase

increase

increase

GH, glucagon, EPI all want to increase glucose levels.

Question 21

8. Which of the following increases the rate of excretion of calcium ions by the kidney?

A) A decrease in calcitonin concentration in the plasma

B) An increase in phosphate ion concentration in the

plasma

C) A decrease in the plasma level of PTH

D) Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 21

c. PTH increases absorption of Ca2+ in the renal tubules. Thus, a. decrease of PTH would increase rate of exxretion

Question 22

EXOPTHLAMOS is caused by. what

Answer 22

Graves dz, in particular to the immunoglobins

Question 23

How does hemorrage affect atrial stretch receptors and arterial. baroreceptors and ADH secretion.

Answer 23

Decreases the activation of both,

causing an INCREASE in ADH secretion.

Question 24

Conn Syndrome

Aterial pressire:

ECF volume

Na+ excretion

Answer 24

increase

increase

not change; rise in arterial pressure offsets the Na+ retaining affects of aldosterone, limiting Na+and permitting daily Na+ balance

Question 25

A chronic increase in the plasma concentration of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) would result in which of the following? A) An increased delivery of T4 to target cells B) A decrease in plasma free [T4] C) An increase in the conversion of T4 to triiodothyro- nine (T3) in peripheral tissues D) An increase in TSH secretion E) No change in metabolic rate

Answer 25

E. In the steady state, high plasma levels of TBG would simply increase the reservoir for hormone and, there- fore, the total amount of thyroid hormone in the circu- lation. However, protein-bound hormone is inactive. The metabolic effects of thyroid hormones and their feedback inhibition on TSH secretion are determined by the free thyroid hormone and not the total amount of thyroid hormone in the circulation. Both the plasma levels of free thyroid hormone and TSH would be ex- pected to be normal in the steady state. Consequently, the metabolic rate would be unchanged.

Question 26

In response to increased blood levels of glucose, plasma insulin concentration normally increases during the 60-minute period following oral intake of glucose. In type 1 DM, insulin secretion is de- pressed. In contrast, in type 2 DM, insulin resis- tance is a common finding and, at least in the early stages of the disease, there is an abnormally high rate of insulin secretion.

Question 27

In Cushing’s syndrome, high plasma levels of cortisol impair glucose uptake in peripheral tissues, which tends to increase plasma levels of glucose. As a result, the insulin response to oral intake of glucose is enhanced.

Question 28

Which hormone is not stored in its endocrine-producing gland? A) T4B) PTH C) Aldosterone D) ACTH E) Insulin

Answer 28

ALDOSTERONE bc STEROID HORMONES ARE NOT STORED!!!

Question 29

Which finding would likely be reported in a patient with a deciency in iodine intake? A) Weight loss B) Nervousness C) Increased sweating D) Increased synthesis of thyroglobulin E) Tachycardia

Answer 29

D. Iodine -\> needed to make TH. If def -\> cant make TH. Thus, TSH levels increase -\> stimulate formation of thryglobulin -\> goiter

Question 30

chronic cortison treatment would atrophy/hypertrophy adrenal glands

Answer 30

atrophy

Question 31

Increase in blood glucose will affecr GH secretion how?

Answer 31

supress

Question 32

Bone is deposited in proportion to the compres- sional load that the bone must carry. Continual me- chanical stress stimulates osteoblastic deposition and calcification of bone.

Question 33

Which of the following conditions or hormones would most likely increase GH secretion? A) Hyperglycemia B) Exercise C) Somatomedin D) Somatostatin E) Aging

Answer 33

Exercise stimulates GH secretion. Hyperglycemia, somatomedin, and the hypothalamic inhibitoryhormone somatostatin all inhibit GH secretion. GH secretion also decreases as persons age.

Question 34

Levels of Aldosterone cortisol insulin in person with. cushings

Answer 34

no change increase increase

Question 35

Person on a long-term Na+ diet will have alodsterone ANP cortisol

Answer 35

high low now change

Question 36

Excess thyrroid hormone \_\_\_ HR \_\_\_ RR \_\_\_\_ cholesterol

Answer 36

**increased** **increased** **decreased**

Question 37

hich pituitary hormone has a chemical structure most similar to that of ADH? A) Oxytocin B) ACTH C) TSH D) FSH E) Prolactin

Answer 37

A peptides with 9 AA; structre differs by 2 AA

Question 38

nhibition of the iodide pump would be expected to cause which change? A) Increased synthesis of T4 B) Increased synthesis of thyroglobulin C) Increased metabolic rate D) Decreased TSH secretion E) Extreme nervousness

Answer 38

B

Question 39

A 45-year-old woman has a mass in the sella turcica that compresses the portal vessels, disrupting pitu- itary access to hypothalamic secretions. e secretion rate of which hormone would most likely increase in this patient? A) ACTH B) GH C) Prolactin D) LH E) TSH

Answer 39

The primary controllers of ACTH, GH, LH, and TSH secretion from the pituitary gland are hypotha- lamic-releasing hormones. They are secreted into the median eminence and subsequently flow into the hy- pothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels before bathing the cells of the anterior pituitary gland. Conversely, prolactin secretion from the pituitary gland is influ- enced primarily by the hypothalamic inhibiting hor- mone dopamine. Consequently, obstruction of blood flow through the portal vessels would lead to reduced secretion of ACTH, GH, LH, and TSH, but increased secretion of prolactin.

Question 40

B) In **primary hyperparathyroidism** \_\_\_. Vit D \_\_\_. plasma phosphate \_\_\_\_ urinary Ca2+ excretion

Answer 40

high plas- ma levels of PTH increase the formation of 1,25-(OH)2D3, which increases intestinal absorp- tion of calcium. This action of PTH, along with its effects to increase bone resorption and renal calci- um reabsorption, leads to hypercalcemia. However, because of the high filtered load of calcium, calcium is excreted in the urine.

Question 41

Vit D def causes \_\_\_\_ plasma vit D \_\_\_ bone resportion \_\_\_ intestinal calbindn

Answer 41

decrease increase. decrese RICKETS and OSTE\<