Extra AT1

Question 1

Troposphere - alt, temp, features

Answer 1

Alt. Range –> 0–12 km
Temp Range –> 15°C to -60°C
Features –> Weather, contains most air, temperature decreases with alt, supports life,

Question 2

Stratosphere - alt, temp, features

Answer 2

Alt. Range –> 12-50km
Temp Range –> -60 to 0
Features –> Ozone layer absorbs UV radiation, temperature increases, where commercial jets fly

Question 3

Ozone (Within Stratosphere) - alt, temp, features

Answer 3

Alt. Range –> ~15–35 km
Temp Range –> -60 to 0
Features –> Absorbs UV radiation, protects life, contains ozone (O₃), warms stratosphere, and prevents DNA damage.

Question 4

Mesosphere - alt, temp, features

Answer 4

Alt. Range –> 50–85 km
Temp Range –> ~0°C to -90°C
Features –> Coldest layer, meteors burn up, low pressure, temperature decreases with altitude.

Question 5

Thermosphere - alt, temp, features

Answer 5

Alt. Range –> 85-600 km
Temp Range –> -90 to 2500°C
Features –> Hottest layer, absorbs solar radiation, auroras occur, contains ionosphere, and satellites orbit here.

Question 6

El Ninos features (Aus)

Answer 6

Droughts, higher temperatures, reduced rainfall, increased bushfire risk, weaker trade winds

Question 7

La Ninas features (Aus)

Answer 7

Causes heavy rainfall, flooding, cooler temps, stronger trade winds, cyclones, increased humidity, and warmer ocean temps. near Aus

Question 8

Difference between lake and reservoir

Answer 8

A lake is a natural body of water, while a reservoir is a man-made water body created by damming a river or stream.

Question 9

What are the 7 Geographical Concepts (SPICESS)

Answer 9

Space, Place, Interconnection, Change, Environment, Sustainability, Scale,

Question 10

Whats ‘Space’ refer to? w/ 7 concepts

Answer 10

The arrangement of things on earth (like location distance, and distribution of features)

Question 11

Whats ‘Place’ refer to? w/ 7 concepts

Answer 11

• Locations which are special/have meaning to people, or are unique (due to both physical and human features)
• People’s interact with place differently based on experiences, cultures, and connections

Question 12

Whats ‘Interconnection’ refer to? w/ 7 concepts

Answer 12

How places, people, and environments are connected through processes like trade and migration.
e.g. - Deforestation in the amazon could affect climate patterns somewhere else

Question 13

Whats ‘Change’ refer to? w/ 7 concepts

Answer 13

How places, environments, and spatial patterns evolve over time due to natural and human processes.

Question 14

Whats ‘Environment’ refer to? w/ 7 concepts

Answer 14

The relationship between humans and nature, including how we depend and interact with it

Question 15

Whats ‘Sustainability’ refer to? w/ 7 concepts

Answer 15

Ensuring we use resources in moderation to ensure they are available for future generations

Question 16

Whats ‘Scale’ refer to? w/ 7 concepts

Answer 16

Examining geographical phenomena at different scales.
e.g - studying impacts of climate change at city, national, or international scale

Question 17

Where are biodiversity hotspots usually found.

Answer 17

Generally in coastal areas and stretching inland, some places more so than others. There are outliers to this, being the Himalayas, Kyrg and Tajikistan (West parts of Central Asian mountains)

Question 18

What are the 7 threats to biodiversity (in order of frequency/threat level)

Answer 18

1. Climate
2. Human Development
3. Habitat Loss
4. Agriculture
5. Pollution
6. Fire
7. Other Human Activities

Question 19

How is animal migration different to emigration

Answer 19

Migration - happens seasonally and involves a return journey.

Emigration - animals travel to find a new permanent place to live

Mig. - Temporary
Em. - Permanent

Question 20

Describe the three main reasons for animal migration

Answer 20

Animals migrate to find seasonal food sources, ensuring safe breeding grounds, and also to more suitable environments for the weather

Question 21

What does ‘country’ represent to indigenous ppl

Answer 21

Country represents culture, identity, spirituality, ancestors, connection with the land, tradition, and stories.
Land holds a spiritual value that explains the past and embraces future.

Question 22

What happens if two countries EEZ overlap

Answer 22

The involved states must agree on a maritime boundary (a line that divides an area of sea belonging to one country from another) to divide the overlapping area.

Question 23

What happens if two countries cant reach an agreement on their EEZ

Answer 23

Any point within the overlapping area falls under the jurisdiction of the nearest state.

Question 24

What are some ECOSYSTEM services provided by oceans/seas?

Answer 24

1. Produces Oxygen (photosynthesis)
2. Absorbs carbon dioxide
3. Moderates Climate
4. Nutrient Recycling
5. Water Purification
6. Biodiversity/Habitats
7. Reduced Storm Damage

Question 25

How does the ocean moderate climate?

Answer 25

Absorbing solar radiation, then releasing it slowly to moderate temperatures, distributing it through evaporation.

Question 26

How does the ocean recycle nutrients?

Answer 26

**Upwelling** brings nutrient rich water from the deep to the surface When organisms die, **decomposition** by bacteria releases nutrients back into the water. - Currents and marine food webs help redistribute these nutrients, ensuring they are continuously used and cycled throughout the ecosystem.

Question 27

How does the ocean purify water?

Answer 27

1. Evap. --> Water turns to vapour, leaving salt and impurities behind 2. Filtration by marine life --> Animals (like oysters) remove pollutants 3. Sedimentation --> Dirt and waste sink to bottom, leaving surface cleaner

Question 28

How does the ocean reduce storm damage?

Answer 28

1. Coral Reefs --> Absorb wave energy, weakens storm surges 2. Mangrove forests --> Dense roots slow waves and reduce coastal flooding and erosion. 3. Wetlands --> Absorb excess water like a sponge, lowering flood impact. 4. Barrier islands --> Shields coastlines from strong winds and waves. 5. Deep ocean heat absorption --> Regulates temperatures, sometimes weakening storms before they reach land.

Question 29

What are some ECONOMIC services provided by oceans/seas?

Answer 29

1. Food 2. Hydro energy 3. Pharmaceuticals (medicine and shit) 4. Transport Routes 5. Recreation and Tourism 6. Employment 7. Minerals

Question 30

Whats the highest peak in each continent

Answer 30

Antarctica - Vinson (4892m) OCE - Kosciuszko (2228m) Asia - Everest (8848m) EU - El Brus (5642m) Africa - Kilimanjaro (5895m) S America. - Aconcagua (6962m) NA. - Denali (6190m)

Question 31

Threats to system stability?

Answer 31

1. Rapid population growth 2. Habitat Destruction 3. Global warming and all types of pollution

Question 32

Energy surplus/deficit areas?

Answer 32

Equator receives more heat/sunlight than polar regions, leading to a surplus of energy there, and deficit in Northern/Southern regions.

Question 33

Horizontal and Vertical transfers w/ Global Heat Budget

Answer 33

Horizontal transfer - Wind (80%) + Ocean currents (20%) transfer heat from tropics to the poles. Vertical transfer - Heat is transferred to atmosphere by conduction, convection currents, and condensation

Question 34

Different Climate Zones in Aus

Answer 34

- Most of Aus is hot and dry all year - Coastal usually wet all year - Inbetween these two is mostly hot and dry, with unreliable rainfall

Question 35

How does El Nino Work (in Aus)

Answer 35

1. Normally, trade winds push warm water toward Australia, but during El Niño, they slow down or reverse. 2. Warm water stays in the central and eastern Pacific instead of moving toward Australia. 3. With less warm water, there’s less evaporation, leading to drought and hotter temperatures.

Question 36

How does La Nina work (in Aus)

Answer 36

1. Stronger trade winds push more warm water toward Australia. 2. Cold water rises near South America as warm water moves west. 3. More warm water means more evaporation, leading to heavy rain and floods. 4. Drier conditions in South America – Less warm water there means less rain.

Question 37

Why do variations in the water cycle exist.

Answer 37

Climate, geography, and human activities. e.g, Amazon receives 2300mm rainfall annually = high evaporation levels, while Sahara gets sub 100mm, limiting precip, infiltration, and runoff (outputs)

Question 38

Describe Sydneys catchment area

Answer 38

Walandilly and Cox's River feed into Lake Burragorong (which is held back by Warragamba dam) which holds 80% of Sydneys water Cordeaux, Avon, and Nepean rivers + Cataract reservoir (all W of Wollongong)

Question 39

What is an Inquiry based approach

Answer 39

Approach focusing on problem-solving by starting with questions or problems, rather than presenting information upfront. encourages students to investigate and develop personal knowledge and abilities

Question 40

Whats PQE method

Answer 40

Pattern - Describe the general pattern or trend Quantification – Support with data or numbers. Exception – Mention any outliers or things that don’t fit the pattern.