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extra bits Flashcards

1
Q

what is raw data

A

data collected from a psychologist which has not yet been analysed

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2
Q

what are descriptive statistics

A

ways of summing up and presenting your findings

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3
Q

3 measures of central tendency

A

mean median mode

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4
Q

3 measures of dispersion

A

range
standard deviation
variation

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5
Q

when are pie charts used

A

pie charts work well nominal level data and enable the researcher to present percentages from within an overall total and show proportions of a whole

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6
Q

when are line graphs used

A

useful for showing change over time

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7
Q

when are histograms used

A
  • histograms convey information about the frequency with which something occurs (like bar graphs which do this through height of the bar)
  • histograms convey this through the area of the bars
  • should be used when you have continuous data and want to emphasise the role of character width as well as frequency
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8
Q

inferential statistics

A

Enable you to work out which hypothesis (null or alternative) has been supported by the data from either an experiment or a correlation study - Enable us to draw conclusions/ INFERENCES from findings

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9
Q

What are the 3 criteria that have to be met for using a parametric inferential statistical test?

A
  1. Data has to be interval or ratio
  2. Data has to have a curve of normal distribution
  3. The variances should be similar
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10
Q

type 1 error

A
  • FALSE POSITIVE
  • Mistakenly accepting the alternative hypothesis when actually it is the null hypothesis that has been supported
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11
Q

type 2 error

A
  • FALSE NEGATIVE
  • Mistakenly accepting the null hypothesis when actually it is the alternative hypothesis that has been supported
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12
Q

normal distribution

A

All measures of central tendency (mmm) occur at the highest point in the curve on a graph

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13
Q

negatively skewed distribution

A

Fewer people at the lower end and more at the higher end of the scores. Mean and mode are not the same, mean is less than mode (most frequent score was high)

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14
Q

positively skewed distribution

A

Population has more low scorers than high scorers. Mean is higher than the mode (most frequent score was low)

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15
Q

difference between reliability and validity

A

Validity is how accurate a piece of research or test is at measuring what it aims to measure

Reliability is the consistency of research or findings, or whether a test is replicable

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16
Q

reliability

A

consistency of test or measure

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17
Q

internal reliability

A

the consistency of a measuring device- does it work in a consistent way with all participants

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18
Q

external reliability

A

the consistency of a studies findings- would the same findings be obtained in the study was repeated

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19
Q

ways to check reliability

A
  • split half method
  • test- retest method
  • inter-rater reliability
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20
Q

split half method

A

data collected is split randomly in half and compared, to see if results taken from each part of the measure are similar

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21
Q

test retest method

A
  • way of measuring external reliability
  • presenting the same participants with the same test or questionnaire on two separate occasions, and seeing whether there is a positive correlation between the two
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22
Q

inter rater reliability

A

checking one observers findings against those of another observers findings to see if they’re consistent with each other

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23
Q

validity

A

accuracy of a test or measure

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24
Q

internal validity

A

relates to whether the test itself is accurately measuring what it intends to do

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25
external validity
refers to whether the research can be generalised to different people or situations
26
types of internal validity
- face validity - concurrent validity - criterion validity - construct validity
27
face validity
whether a test appears (on the face of it) to be measuring what it intends to
28
concurrent validity
whether a test or study measure gives the same results as another test or study that is measuring the same concept
29
criterion validity
refers to how much one test or measure predicts future performance on another test or measure
30
construct validity
refers to whether a test or study actually measures the concept it sets out to measure (and extraneous variables are controlled for)
31
types of external validity
- population - ecological
32
population validity
refers to the degree to which the sample used in the research is representative of a diverse group of people
33
ecological validity
refers to how accurately a piece of research reflects real life situations
34
generalisability
- to do with results of research - the extent to which the findings of a study can be applicable to other settings
35
representativeness
- to do with sample - how representative the sample is
36
demand characteristics
when participant works out aim of study due to it being obvious, or repeated measures that cause them to change their behaviour
37
social desirability bias
refers to when participants change their behaviour to present themselves as a good member of society, rather than showing their true behaviour
38
researcher/observer bias
researcher may interpret behaviour based on prior expectations
39
researcher/observer effects
participants behaviour influenced by the presence of the researcher
40
ethical guidelines (4 main ones)
- respect- informed consent, right to withdraw, confidentiality - competence - responsibility- protection, debrief - integrity- deception
41
name all the sections and subsections of a practical report
abstract intro method results discussion references appendices
42
citing academic references
author year of publication article title journal title volume of journal issue number of journal page range of article
43
peer review
academic articles need to be read and evaluated by experts in the same field before being published so that they can ensure that the methodology used is robust
44
the study of cause and effect
when research can show that one factor can actually cause a change in behaviour
45
falsification
the ability in principle to prove a claim wrong
46
replicability
to be able to repeat and therefore support the findings from another piece of research
47
objectivity
when a claim is a matter of fact rather than opinion
48
induction
empirical research is carried out and THEN a theory is developed to make sense of findings
49
deduction
a theory is developed and THEN empirical research is carried out to see if the theory was correct
50
hypothesis testing
once a theory has been identified based on observation, then in scientific enquiry a hypothesis is formulated - can be tested in empirical research
51
manipulation of variables
independent variable is manipulated so that we can see the variation in results depending on whether it is or isn't present
52
controls
this is imposed on experiments to ensure that the results are due to the independent variable, rather than extraneous variables
53
standardisation
the test conditions are kept the same for all participants
54
quantifiable measurements
quantitative data which is objective and observable should be used
55
interval/ratio data
- highest level of data - uses standard universal scales - size of gaps between scores are taken account of
56
ordinal data
- medium level of data - rather than participants actual scores being measured, their ranks are measured instead - no account is taken of how much further highest is from second highest
57
nominal data
- lowest level of data - headcount of number of participants who do one thing as opposed to another
58
s+w of nominal data
- easy to collect since its just a headcount, can be displayed as pie charts - less precise as data grouped into categories and you don't know how individual participants scored
59
s+w of ordinal data
60
s+w of interval/ratio data

psychology (5 decks)

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