Extra detail Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
What is curare?
A
The poison from willow used by amazonian indians
2
Q
What does BAL do?
A
Chelate heavy metals
3
Q
What is quinone isolated from?
A
Chinona bark
4
Q
What was benzopyrene discovered?
A
1933
5
Q
What is a xenobiotic?
A
A compound foreign to life
6
Q
What type of exposure-response curve do organophosphates have?
A
Steep gradient
7
Q
What types of mutagens can display hormesis?
A
Xenobiotics or radiation
8
Q
What type of mitogen is Biochanin A?
A
Oestrogen analogue
9
Q
How is botulin absorbed from the site of contact?
A
Endocytosis
10
Q
Where do dioxins accumulate?
A
Fat tissue
11
Q
When does necrosis not cause organ failure?
A
When the organ has a supply of stem cells
12
Q
Why is endrophonium a poor anticholinesterase?
A
Reversible binding
Hydrophobic so poorly absorbed and rapidly excreted
13
Q
What is curare?
A
The poison from willow used by amazonian indians
14
Q
How many toxicants have been characterised?
A
15
Q
What is the RfD/TCC of organophosphates?
A
18µg/kg/day
16
Q
What is the RfD/TCC of organophosphates?
A
18µg/kg/day
17
Q
What does BAL do?
A
Chelate heavy metals
18
Q
What is quinone isolated from?
A
Chinona bark
19
Q
What was benzopyrene discovered?
A
1933
20
Q
What is a xenobiotic?
A
A compound foreign to life
21
Q
What type of exposure-response curve do organophosphates have?
A
Steep gradient
22
Q
What types of mutagens can display hormesis?
A
Xenobiotics or radiation
23
Q
What type of mitogen is Biochanin A?
A
Oestrogen analogue
24
Q
How is botulin absorbed from the site of contact?
A
Endocytosis
25
Where do dioxins accumulate?
Fat tissue
26
When does necrosis not cause organ failure?
When the organ has a supply of stem cells
27
Why is endrophonium a poor anticholinesterase?
Reversible binding
| Hydrophobic so poorly absorbed and rapidly excreted
28
How many toxicants have been characterised?
29
What is an example of genetic variation in drug metabolism?
90% of Asians are fast acetylators to metabolise drug quicker
30
What is the RfD/TCC of organophosphates?
18µg/kg/day
31
What does nitroprusside treat?
Hypertension caused by sympathiometric toxidrome
32
How long does nitroprusside act for?
Short acting
33
What does Noradrenaline do?
Vasopressor to treat TCA OD
34
What does heperin treat?
Dysrhythmias caused by TCA OD
35
What is the ultimate cause of circulatory shock?
Lack of O2 and glucose in tissues
36
Which receptors do glucagon, dopamine and dobutamine target?
D1 and B1 cardiac receptors so no vasodilation
37
What causes delerium?
Poor ventilation and hypoglycemia
38
When can emesis be used?
39
How commonly is PEG used for whole bowel irrigation of ions?
Rare
40
What dose is activated charcoal administered at?
10x toxicant
41
How does ethanol target Alcohol dehydrogenase?
Outcompetes
42
What does Ethylene glycol OD cause?
oxalic acid causes Lactate acidosis and Ca precipitation blocks kidney tubules
43
How does fomepizole target Alcohol Dehydrogenase?
Inhibits
44
What type of complexes do chelating agents produce?
Inert complexes are water soluble for excretion
45
Why must pralidoxime be administered 30mins to 1 hour after exposure?
Aging of organophosphate-acetylcholinesterase complex changes structure to make it resistant
46
How is methaemoglobin produced?
Aromatic amines
Nitrites
Primaquine anti-malarial
47
What age are most susceptible to methaemoglobin?
Newborns as they have low reductase activity in RBCs
48
When was the drugs of misuse act produced?
1971
49
What does Nutt's criteria do?
Produces a weighted average rank of drugs based on more criteria than "harm"
50
Do opiates have equal affect in all individuals?
No, subject to environment and individual
51
Which opiate receptors is responsible for hallucinations?
κ
52
Which opiate receptor is most common?
µ
53
What were the side effects of anti-obesity amphetamines?
Hypertension
| CVD
54
How can amphetamine pyscosis be treated?
haloperidol
55
What plant is Ricin found in?
Castor oil plant
56
What are an example of type 1 RIP?
Carnation flowers
57
What action do β-neurotoxins have?
Pre-synaptically to either prevent or produce excessive NT release
58
What family are black mambas?
Elapidae
59
What additional toxin do elapidae have?
α neurotoxins
60
What type of toxin do atractraspidae have?
Sarafotoxins which cause vasoconstriction of coronary artery
61
What family are crotalids?
Viperidae
62
What additional action do crotalids have?
Anticholinesterase
63
What is ricin used for?
Chemotherapy and antivirals
64
Where does DDT bioaccumulate?
Adipose tissue
65
What are the 3 main problems of chemical dispersal?
Persistance
Bioaccumulation/bioconcentration
Biomagnification
66
What form of mercury is found in the soil?
Elemental
| HgS insoluble salt (cinnabar)
67
What forms of inorganic mercury are used in industry?
Hg2Cl2 calomel laxative/beauty
| HgCl used in biocides
68
When was the Minimata bay disaster?
1930s-1050s release
| 1954
69
What wavelength is EM ionising radiation?
70
How many deaths does Radon cause each year?
1100
71
Can α radiation pass through the skin?
No- 40µm
72
What is internal radiation?
250µSv of 40-K β/γ radiation
73
What type of cell death causes radiation sickness?
Haemotopoetic RBCs/WBCs
74
Is radiation sickness stotastic?
NO-deterministatic with variation in severity with dose
75
Where are GSH and Vit C antioxidants?
All cellular compartments
76
Where are Vit E and Vit A antioxidants?
Lipid bound
77
How does radiation cause cell death?
Interacts directly or through ROS
Removes elctrons
Genomic integrity compromised
Apoptosis
78
What is the LD50 of radiation?
100Gy
79
What doses of radation are used in cancer?
20-80Gy
80
What is the minimum lethal dose of radiation that can be lethal without medical care?
2.5-4.5Gy
81
How is radiation sickness treated?
Blood transfusions
Intravenous feeding
Antibiotics
Sterile environment
82
What is neoplasia?
Abnormal cell growth that are parasitic to host organism
83
Which cause of cancer is most common?
PAHs
84
How many forms of PAH are there?
700 natural or synthetic
85
Do PAHs biopersist?
No, photodegraded
86
Do PAHs biomagnify?
No, due to enzymatic detoxification
87
Is the ultimate carcinogen a K-epoxide?
No!
88
Where are PAH hydrolases found?
Mitochondria
89
How dangerous are the different types of UV radiation?
A most dangerous
B Most exposure
C least exposure
90
What mutations are introduced by trans-lesion synthesis?
C-T by UV
| G-T by PAH
91
What did George Baker study?
Lead poisonning (devonshire colic)
92
How was Georgi Markov poisonned?
Ricin
93
What were the Health and safety Acts?
1895: Factory Act
1897: Compensation Act
1898: Thomas Legge inspector
1911: Health Insurance
1946: Injuries Act
94
When were the first leglisations imposed on asbestos?
1931
95
What other dusts cause cancer?
Silica Minerals: silicosis
Cotton: byssinosis
Coal: pneumonconisosis
Fungal : Farmers lung
96
What produces fibrosis?
inflexible type 1 collagen replaces type 3
97
Which asbestos fibres are most mined?
Chrysolite and Amosite
98
When was industrial toxicology first discovered?
18th Century Ramazzini, Baker, Potts
| 19th Century Thackrah
