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Vectors - Geodesy Terms > Extra Geodesy > Flashcards

Extra Geodesy Flashcards

1
Q

___________radiation is classified by wavelength into radio wave, microwave, terahertz (or sub millimeter) radiation, infrared, the visible region that is perceived as light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays.

A

Electromagnetic Spectrum

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2
Q

The satellite is moving around the Earth’s poles from north to south across the sky. Most satellite do not orbit in a true north-to-south direction but in an orbit that is inclined from 8 to 10 degrees. As a result, is passes over the same point only after several days.

A

Polar/Sun synchronous

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3
Q

A satellite in this orbit lies on the plane of the Earth’s equator and travels at the same angular velocity or is synchronous with the rotation of the Earth such that it has a constant view of a part of the Earth at all times. The satellite appears stationary with respect to the Earth’s surface.

A

Geostationary/Geosynchronous Orbit

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4
Q

Employs a sensor with a narrow field of view (IFOV) that sweeps over the terrain to built-up and produce a two dimensional image of the surface

A

Scanning System

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5
Q

GNSS Satellite signals ___ penetrate metal, buildings or trees and are susceptible to signal _______ errors where passing thru leaves, glass, plastic and other materials.

a. Cannot, filtering
b. Can, delay
c. Cannot, delay
d. Can, filtering

A

c. Cannot, delay

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6
Q

GPS receiver directly generates 3-D coordinates in _______ coordinate frame such as ______.

a. Geocentric, WGS84
b. Geodetic, WGS84
c. Geocentric, PRS92
d.Geodetic, PRS92

A

b. Geodetic, WGS84

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7
Q

If h=+60.95 meters and the geiod undulation, w, is equal to +35.38 meters, calculate the orthometric height, H, in meters, of point.
a. 25.57
b. 27.42
c. 27.24
d. 26.42

A

a. 25.57

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8
Q

Generally, __________ GPS survey methods are employed when baseline length are greater than __________ miles.
a. Kinematic, 12
b. Static, 22
c. Static, 12
d. Kinematic, 22

A

c. Static, 12

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9
Q

A geodetic level _____ consist of lines of spirit leveling connected together to form a system of _____ extending over an area.
a. Net, loops
b. Frame, triangle
c. Net, Triangle
d. Frame, loops

A

a. Net, loops

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10
Q

In transforming geodetic and grid azimuth the geodetic direction projected into a plane is actually a _______ line, rather than a straight line, thus, the need for the _______ correction.

a. Spiral, arc to chord
b. Curved, chord to arc
c. Curved, arc to chord
d. Spiral, chord to arc

A

c. Curved, arc to chord

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11
Q

The curvature correction in cm/km is ____.
a. 7.6
b. 7.2
c. 7.9
d. 7.5

A

c. 7.9

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12
Q

A ______ error will always have the same magnitude and _____ algebraic sign under the same condition.
a. Systematic, different
b. Random, different
c. Random, the same
d. Systematic, the same

A

d. Systematic, the same

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13
Q

The earth’s gravity is measured with a _____, while absolute position on the earth’s surface are measured with a _____.

a. Seismometer, total station
b. Seismometer, GNSS receiver
c. Gravimeter, GNSS receiver
d. Gravimeter, total station

A

Gravimeter, GNSS receiver

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14
Q

Satellite ______ refers to the position of the GNSS…… relative to _____ from the view of the receiver.
a. Constellation, each other
b. Constellation, the earth
c. Geometry, the earth
d. Geometry, each other

A

d. Geometry, each other

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15
Q

______ is the arc between the celestial body and the _____.

a. Declination, north pole
b. Altitude, south pole
c. Declination, celestial equator
d. Altitude, north pole

A

c. Declination, celestial equator

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16
Q

The equipotential surface to which, at every point, the plumb-line is ____ is called ____.
a. Parallel, geoid
b. Perpendicular, ellipsoid
c. Parallel ellipsoid
d. Perpendicular, geoid

A

d. Perpendicular, geoid

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17
Q

In the classical spherical coordinates called geometric coordinates, consisting of longitude, geocentric latitude, and distance from the center of an ellipsoid, the x-coordinate is equal to the product of distance ( r ) and _____.

a. Sin phi sin longitude
b. Cos phi sin longitude
c. Cos phi cos longitude
d. Sin phi cos longitude

A

c. Cos phi cos longitude

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18
Q

Each GPS satellite periodically transmit a broadcast ____ describing its _____ position through the near future, uploaded on the control segment.
a. Almanac, predicted
b. Almanac, actual
c. Ephemeris, predicted
d. Ephemeris, actual

A

c. Ephemeris, predicted

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19
Q

The reference datum of elevation obtained by GNSS receiver is ____, while that obtained by conventional geodetic leveling is _____.
a. Geoid ellipsoid
b. Ellipsoid, mean ground elevation
c. Ellipsoid, geoid
d. Geoid, mean ground elevation

A

c. Ellipsoid, geoid

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20
Q

The radius of curvature of the ellipsoid varies with the latitude being longest at the _____ and the shortest at the _____.
a. Equator, pole
b. Pole, meridian
c. Equator, meridian
d. Pole, equator

A

d. Pole, equator

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21
Q

In geodetic astronomy, the complementary angle of ______ in the hour angle system is the _______ distance.
a. Declination, altitude
b. Altitude, declination
c. Declination, polar
d. Declination, zenith

A

c. Declination, polar

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22
Q

The combined effect of earth curvatures and atmospheric refraction in meters, is expressed as _____ D^2 where D is the distance from a point of tangency at the observer’s position in _______ .
a. 0.0675, miles
b. 0.0675, kilometers
c. 0.0765, miles
d. 0.0765 kilometers

A

b. 0.0675, kilometers

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23
Q

The theoretical sum of the spherical triangulations exceeds 180 degrees by an amount equal to the _____ of the triangle divided by the product of the square of the mean radius of the earth and the ______ of one second.
a. Perimeter, cosine
b. Perimeter, sine
c. Area, cosine
d. Area, sine

A

d. Area, sine

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24
Q

________ is the science which treats of the determination of …….. And figure of the earth.

A

Geodesy

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25
Q

Datum ________ is used to convert the coordinates of a ________ defined in one datum to coordinate in a different datum.

A

Transformation, Point

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26
Q

The GPS satellite are dispersed in ______ orbital planes on almost ______ orbits.

A

Six, circular

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27
Q

Station Balanacan of PRS92 is located on ______ island while its azimuth mark is located on ______ island.

A

Marinduque, Baltazar

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28
Q

In the published accuracy statement of an electronic total station is (0.2mm + 5ppm), 5ppm refers to ____ per Km.

A

5mm

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29
Q

The scientific discipline that deals with the measurement are representation of the earth, including gravitational field in a ______ dimensional time varying space as well as phenomena such as crustal motion tides and polar motion is ______.

A

Three, Geodesy

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30
Q

The antenna phase center is the _____ center of the GNSS antenna …. Where the radio signal is measured and does not correspond to the _____ center of the antenna.

A

Electronic, Physical

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31
Q

The length of a GNSS observation session is the _____ time in ….. Ate which data is collected from all GNSS receivers _____.

A

Minimum, simultaneously

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32
Q

Who was the French geodesist who initiated studies on gravity anomaly, referring to small regional variations in the earth’s gravity field resulting from density variations in underlying …..

A

Pierre Bouguer

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33
Q

In GNSS surveying, clock _____ usually refers to the difference between the time of the satellite vehicle clocks and the clock in the user’s GNSS _____.

A

Offset, receiver

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34
Q

All GNSS survey measurements exceeding ____ km must utilize static technique with ____ observation times.

A

10, longer

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35
Q

The baseline in meters at the UP campus Diliman, Quezon City used by the DENR LMB for survey instrumental calibration is _____ while the baseline at the Clark Development Corporation Trade Zone in Angeles City Pampanga is _____.

A

200,200

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36
Q

___________ was a Dutch geologist who invented a precise method for measuring gravity _______ and ….. His to the discovery of gravity anomalies above the mean figure.

A

Felix Andries Vening Meinesz, at Sea

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37
Q

A GPS ________ frequency receiver uses the ___ GPS signal only and there is no compensation ionospheric effects.

A

Single, L1

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38
Q

By measuring the earth’s gravity around the globe, geoid….. A ______ geoid, which reflects the various ______ within ……..

A

Gravimetric, weights

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39
Q

Psuedorange is the measured distance between the GNSS receiver antenna and GNSS satellites and is biased by the _____ of the _____ clock from the satellite clock.

A

Distance, receiver

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40
Q

The _____ separation between the geoid and the ellipsoid result from the non-coincidence of the geoids irregular surface caused by the mathematically defined _____ surface.

A

Uneven, irregular

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41
Q

_____ slip is the _____ loss of satellite signal during a GNSS observation session.

A

Cycle, temporary

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42
Q

If the relative precision of a distance is 1: 2,000,000. what is the equivalent distance error in centimeter per km?

A

11

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43
Q

Data collector is a handheld ________ field notebook the total station, level or GNSS receiver to receive and record _________.

A

Electronic, temporarily

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44
Q

______ lens distortion in an aerial camera is due to _____ centering of the lens component and other manufacturing defects in compound lens.

A

Decentering, imperfect

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45
Q

The camera lens ______ enlarge of contracts, changing the _____ of the lens opening and thus regulates the amount of light that is allowed to pass through the lens.

A

Diaphragm, diameter

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46
Q

A single receiver position, defined by a coordinate system.

A

Absolute Positioning

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47
Q

Most often the coordinate system used in absolute positioning is

A

Geocentric

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48
Q

Considered to be directly proportional to the attention given to the removal of __________ errors and mistakes.

A

Systematic

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49
Q

The agreement of a value, whether measured or computed with the standard or accepted true value.

A

Accuracy

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50
Q

A data file containing a summary of the orbital parameters of all GPS.
Found in the sub frame 5 of the Navigation Message.

A

Almanac

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51
Q

_____ is a resonant device that collects and often amplifies a satellite’s signals.

A

Antenna

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52
Q

Are the most often used with GPS receivers.

A

Microstrip (patch antennas)

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53
Q

__________ antennas are intended to minimize multipath error.

A

Choke-ring

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54
Q

_____ is an attachment that divides a single GPS antenna’s signal in two. This is the foundation of ZERO BASELINE TEST.

A

Antenna Splitter

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55
Q

The encryption of the P code to render spoofing ineffective.

A

Anti-spoofing

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56
Q

A receiver’s ability to achieve lock-on without being given a somewhat correct beginning position and time.

A

Anywhere fix

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57
Q

A clock regulated by the resonance frequency of atoms or molecules. In GPS satellites the substance used to regulate atomic clocks are cesium, hydrogen, or rubidium.

A

Atomic Clock

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58
Q

One-quintillionth (10^18) of a second.

A

Attosecond

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59
Q

The _______ of a signal is its range of frequencies. It is the measurement of the difference between the highest frequency and the lowest frequency expressed in HERTZ.

A

Bandwidth

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60
Q

A known location where a satellite GPS receiver is set.

A

Base Station

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61
Q

When two signals of different frequencies are combined, two additional frequencies are created.
The sum of the two frequencies
The difference of the two frequencies
These new frequencies can be called _______.

A

Beat Frequency

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62
Q

____ affects all GPS measurements and hence the coordinates and baselines derived from them.

A

A systematic error

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63
Q

MODELING is one method used to eliminate or at least limit the effect of ______.

A

Bias

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64
Q

The method used to impress the pseudorandom noise codes onto GPS carrier waves using two states of phase modulation, since the code is binary.

A

Binary Biphase Modulation

65
Q

A unit of information, in a binary system either “1 “or a “0”

A

Bit

66
Q

A modulated electromagnetic wave transmitted across a large geographical area.

A

Broadcast

67
Q

A sequence of 8 binary digit that represents a single character, that is, a number or a letter

A

byte

68
Q

____ is a direct sequence code and a source of information for pseudorange measurements for commercial GPS receivers.
Each _____ is unique to the particular GPS satellite broadcasting it.
It has a chipping rate 1.023MHZ more than a million bits per second.

A

C/A Code

69
Q

_____ is an electromagnetic wave, usually sinusoidal, that can be modulated to carry information.

A

Carrier

70
Q

Common methods of modulation are ____________ Modulation and _________Modulation.
L1 = 1575.42 MHz
L2 = 1227.60 MHz

A

Frequency; Amplitude

71
Q

A feedback loop that a GPS receiver uses to generate and match the incoming carrier wave from a GPS satellite.

A

Carrier Tracking Loop

72
Q

An atomic clock that is regulated by the element cesium.

A

Cesium clock

73
Q

A _____ of a GPS receiver consist of the circuitry necessary to receive the signal from a single GPS satellite on one of the two carrier frequencies. It includes hardware and a software.

A

Channel

74
Q

A reference point from an independent source of higher accuracy used in the estimation of the positional accuracy of a data set.

A

Checkpoint

75
Q

In GPS the rate at which chips 1’s and 0’s are produced. The P code chipping rate is about 10 million bits per second. The C/A code chipping rate is about 1 million bits per second.

A

Chipping Rate

76
Q

A description of two-dimensional precision. The Radius of a circle with its center at the actual position, that is expected to be large enough to include half (50%) of the normal distribution of the scatter of points observed for the position.

A

Circular Error Probable (CEP)

77
Q

The discrepancy between a moment of time per a GPS receiver’s clock or a GPS satellite’s clock and the same moment of time per GPS time, or another reference, such as Coordinated Universal Time or International Atomic time.

A

Clock Bias

78
Q

A difference between the same moments of time as indicated by two clocks.

A

Clock Offset

79
Q

Measurements based on the C/A code rather than measurements based on the carrier waves.

A

Code Phase

80
Q

A feedback loop used by GPS receiver’s to generate and match the incoming codes C/A or P codes, from a GPS satellites.

A

Code Tracking Loop

81
Q

The probability that the true value is within a particular range of values, expressed as percentage.

A

Confidence Level

82
Q

A region within which the true value is expected to fall, attended by a confidence level.

A

Confidence region

83
Q

A system of base stations that originated from the station built to support air and marine navigation with real time differential GPS correction signals.

A

Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS)

84
Q

The number of full wavelength, the integer number of wavelength, between a particular receiver and satellite is initially unknown in a carrier phase measurement.

A

Cycle Ambiguity

85
Q

A statistical measurement that can characterize the scatter in a set of randomly varying measurements on a plane.

A

Distance Root Mean Square (DRMS)

86
Q

A method of adjusting observations in which the sum of squares of all the ______ is made a _______ called the LEAST SQUARE.

A

Errors, minimum

87
Q

A Real-Time Kinematic Network provides real-time correctors to field GNSS users over the _______ via cellular phone network or _______ radio link.

A

Internet, digital

88
Q

RTK Survey, a radio at the ______ station broadcast its position to the _______ and the system processes the baseline between reference and rover stations in real-time during the actual field survey.

A

Rover, field office

89
Q

The unit of Acceleration in the science of gravimetry is one ______, which is equivalent to one _________ per second squared.

A

gal, centimeter

90
Q

The free-air anomaly height correction for every meter above ________ is ________ mgal.

A

Sea level, -0.3086

91
Q

A ________ is a graphical display of the size and distribution of ________ in a network adjustment.

A

Pictogram, Errors

92
Q

Orthometric height is the distance along a _______ line from a point on the Earth’s surface to the _______.
“ h = H + N “
-N = below the ellipsoid
+N = above the ellipsoid
h = Spheroidal height
H = Orthometric height
N = Geoidal height, Undulation

A

Plumb, geoid

93
Q

When the ranges form FOUR GNSS satellites are observed _________ the unknown receiver location and clock error can be computed from _______ equations.

A

Simultaneously, 8

94
Q

Grid azimuth is the same as _______ azimuth only when the point of observation falls on the ________ meridian.

A

Geodetic, Central

95
Q

Adjustment in geodetic surveying is the process of determining and applying _______ to observation for the purpose of ________ errors in a control network.

A

Correction, Distributing

96
Q

The theoretical sum of the ______ triangle in triangulation exceeds 180 degrees by an amount equal to the area of the triangle divided by the product of the square of the mean radius of the Earth and the _____ of one ARC.

A

Spherical, Sine

97
Q

The ______ accuracy established by GNSS is ______ than its horizontal position accuracy.

A

Height, Lower

98
Q

GNSS satellite signals passing through the _______ which is filled charged particles are subjected to _______ resulting in a charge of the GPS signal.

A

Ionosphere, refraction

99
Q

The initial Baseline for all _______ networks in the Philippines has its azimuth mark on _______ Island in Marinduque Province.
13-3341.000
121-5203.000
To Baltazar = 9-1237.0000 Backsight = 189-1150.600
Geoid Separation = 0.34 m.

A

Triangulation, Balanacan

100
Q

_____ ______ was a HUNGARIAN Physicist who is known for his invention of the Torsion Pendulum used to measure the density of underlying rock strata and the ______ of gravity.

A

Lorand Eotovos, Magnitude

101
Q

The ______ segment of NAVSTAR GPS overseas the building, launching, _______ positioning, monitoring, and proving of GPS positioning services.

A

Control, Orbital

102
Q

In geodetic traverse, angular error of closure is the number of seconds allowable for any angle ________ by the _____ root of the number of angles, in the traverse.

A

Multiplied, Square

103
Q

In a conventional Real-Time Kinematic survey, the data transfer link from the base to the _____ can be either a UHP/VHP radio link or a _________ telephone link.

A

Rover, Cellular

104
Q

In Geodesy, _ _______ problem deals with the determination of the coordinates of a second point from a first point which has given coordinates plus the Azimuth and distance from the first point to the second point.

A

A Direct

105
Q

Each satellite of the Global Positioning System transmits two carrier signals in the _______ range, designated as __ and __ Bonds.

L1 = Precise Positioning Service (PPS) for Military Use
L2 = Standard Positioning Service (SPS) for Civilian Use
L3 = Nuclear Detonation of Bomb
L4 = Ionosphere
L5 = Aerial / Transportation Navigation

A

Microwave, L1 and L2

106
Q

The _____ shape of the Earth was originally proposed by ______, ______.

A

Oblate, Isaac Newton

107
Q

The first estimation of the _____ of the Earth was given by __________.

A

Radius, Eratosthenes

108
Q

The agency that established, and maintains, the Global Positioning System (GPS) is the _________ while the GALILEO constellation is maintained by the Department of Transportation, ______________
GPS = USA
GALILEO = EUROPE
GLONASS = RUSSIACOMPASS / BEIDU = CHINA
sdfsdfdssd = JAPAN

A

d. U.S Department of Defense, European Space Agency

109
Q

The GNSS measured distance is called a psedo-range because it has a ______ bias error due to the clock error of the ________.

A

Variable, Receiver

110
Q

Site _________ is the Ratio of change of Geodetic Coordinates due to ________ plate motion.

A

Velocity, Tectonic

111
Q

______ date is the date, usually expressed in _________ years, which published GNSS Coordinates and data are valid.

A

Epoch, Fractional

112
Q

Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) GNSS survey is a method of determining _______ positions between known control and unknown positions using ________ phase measurements.

A

Relative, Code

113
Q

_________ height is the ________ distance along plumb line from the Geoid to a point or surface of the earth.

A

Orthometric, Straight

114
Q

There are two classes of GPS Services: the ________ Positioning Services, (PPS) which available only to users authorized by the Military, and the Standard Positioning Services (SPS) which available to ________ Use.

A

Precise, Civilian

115
Q

______ was a Greek mathematicians who is considered the Founder of Trigonometry and is most famous for his incidental discovery of the ________ of the equinoxes.

A

Pythagoras, Rotation

116
Q

________ closure refers to the number of seconds allowable for any angle _________ by the square root of the number of angles in traverse.

A

Angular, Multiplied

117
Q

Antenna _______ error can be eliminated if the GNSS user orients all antennas in a given session to the same direction, usually _____, and uses the same type of antenna in the sessions.

A

Height, North

118
Q

Multipath error results when a reflected GNSS signal reaches the receiver via two or more different parts wherein the reflected paths are _____ and cause incorrect _______- _____.

A

Longer, Pseudo-Range

119
Q

Static GNSS surveying uses _______ grade satellite receivers to collect satellite data on a fixed point requiring ____- Processing determine Position.

A

Mapping, Post

120
Q

______ coordinated are coordinates whose values do not change when performing a network adjustment.

A

Fixed

121
Q

If the semi-major axis of a reference ellipsoid is “a” and the semi-minor axis is “b”, the FLATTENING of the ellipsoid is equal to “a” _____ “b” the quantity ______ by “a”.
f = (a-b)/a

A

Minus, Divide

122
Q

An ________ occurs when one celestial body ________ another.

A

Occultation, Conceals

123
Q

GNSS occupation time during observation sessions depends on the following Factors:
- Type of GNSS Receivers
- Ionospheric activity
- Number of satellite and their geometry

A

All of this

124
Q

The Satellite Geometry Factors to be considered when planning a GNSS survey include the following:
- The Number of Satellites available
- The minimum elevation angle for the Satellite
- Obstructions that limit satellite visibility

A

All of this

125
Q

A Horizontal Geodetic Datum consist of the Following:
- Longitude and latitude of the origin
- An azimuth mark
- Parameters of the reference ellipsoid
- Geoid separation at origin

A

All of this

126
Q

During the 1960-1980 period, the basic framework of the triangulation network of the Philippines was, maintained by the _____ with _____ accuracy level.

A

Bureau of coast and geodetic survey, first-order

127
Q

Triangulation Baseline were measured accurately and carefully using _____, an alloy which is highly resistant to change in length caused by changes in ______.

A

Invar, temperature

128
Q

Geoid _____ is the distance between the ellipsoid and the Geoid at a given _____.

A

Separation, point

129
Q

GNSS satellites have _____ clocks

A

Atomic

130
Q

Bench marks are relatively _______ objects, natural or …. Bearing marked points, whose _______ above or below an adopted …. Known

A

Permanent, elevation

131
Q

Orthometric height is generally presented as a mean _______.. elevation

A

Sea

132
Q

An inaccurate _____ determination in GNSS observation…. ______ error because the computed distance between the …. And the satellite is incorrect.

A

Ambiguity, multipath

133
Q

The _______ of the earth is approximately ______.

A

Flattening, 1/300

134
Q

________ is the determination of the _________ position of a survey at… using the observed directions from the station to points of known positions.

A

Resection, unknown

135
Q

The equatorial bulge of the earth equal to ______ kilometers

A

42.72 (26.58 in miles)

136
Q

The convergence correction between two geodetic control points… to the product of the _______ difference in arc seconds multiply by the sine of the mean _______.

A

Longitude, latitude

137
Q

The equinox is one of the two points of intersection of the… the celestial equator occupied by the sun when its declination… ______ degrees.

A

Ecliptic, 0

138
Q

The orbital planes of the GPS satellites are inclined by ______ degrees with respect to the ______.

A

55, equator

139
Q

The classical definition of geodesy at present has been extended to include the temporal variations of the earth’s surface and the _____ field.

A

Gravity

140
Q

In the plane surface, an Affine Transformation has _____ parameters, while in a space dimension, a Helmert Transformation has ____ parameters

A

Four, Seven

141
Q

GNSS real-time network RTK GPS surveys use several ______-mount …. Continuously operating reference stations.

A

Rover

142
Q

The geoid can be define as the _______ surface of the earth’s gravity field which best fits, in a least squares sense, a _______ mean ….

A

Equipotential, global

143
Q

In real-time kinematic (RTK) GNSS surveys, a base station at the known point transmit corrections to the _______.

A

Rover

144
Q

In the relation between cartesian coordinates (x,y,z) and ellipsoidal coordinates (latitude, longitude, height), z=[(b²/a²)N+h] times _______, where the value of N is the radius of curvature in the prime vertical.

A

Sin ϕ

145
Q

When the center of the _____ of a geodetic datum coincides with the center of the mass of the earth, the geodetic datum is _____

A

Ellipsoid, geocentric

146
Q

In GNSS surveying, set-up errors include errors in centering the _____ and measuring the height of _____ at a control point.

A

Tribrach, instrument

147
Q

Multipath causes GNSS signals to travel along _____ paths.

A

Longer

148
Q

_______ in antenna height measurement are a common source of error in GNSS surveys because all GNSS surveys are ______ dimensional whether the vertical component will be used or not.

A

Blunders, three

149
Q

A _____ in the value of a _____ angle between a back-sight and any other survey point.

A

Direction, clockwise

150
Q

The angle between the _____ plane and a line joining a point on ellipsoid is called _____ latitude.

A

Equatorial, geocentric

151
Q

Vertical deflection are _____ in flat areas than in steep mountain slopes.

A

Zero

152
Q

The _____ of a point has been measured for thousand of years by mariners and land travelers by observing the _____ of Polaris the north star.

A

Latitude, height

153
Q

The arithmetic differencing of carrier phases measured by a single GNSS receiver tracking _____ GNSS satellites deletes all _____ errors.

A

Four, clock

154
Q

______ gravimeter are based directly on measuring the acceleration to free fall.

A

Absolute

155
Q

Astronomic azimuth is based on the true shape and rotation of the earth, whereas, _____ azimuth is based on the _____ approximation of the earth’s shape.

A

Grid, mathematical

156
Q

_____ errors in GNSS surveying can be _____ through careful procedures and proper site reconnaissance.

A

Site-dependent, minimized

157
Q

Greenwich time is equal to local time plus the ______ of the places of observation.

A

Longitude

158
Q

The sum of the square of the errors _____ by the number of errors… called _____.

A

Divided, standard deviation

159
Q

The semi-major radius of the world geodetic system of.. Is _____ meters.

A

6378.137 meters

Vectors - Geodesy Terms (6 decks)

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