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Genetics and Biotechnology > Extra MCQ Questions > Flashcards

Extra MCQ Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the causative mutation of pleiotropy?

A

ACAN- aggression gene
-Bull Dog Calf syndrome

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2
Q

What is pleiotropy?

A

The capacity of a single gene to cause multiple phenotypic effects

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3
Q

Give an example of pleiotropy?

A

Horn development and intersex phenotype in goats.

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4
Q

If a pleiotropy animal has
1-PP
2-pp
3-Pp

A

1- Polled
2-Horned
3-Polled

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5
Q

What’s the male progeny of pleiotropy?

A

3:1

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6
Q

What’s the female progeny of pleiotropy?

A

1:2:1

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7
Q

What’s the codominance and incomplete dominance ratio?

A

1:2:1

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8
Q

What is codominance?

A

when both phenotypes separately manifest heterozygous organisms

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9
Q

Where is co dominance observed?

A

1- Blood group MN and ABO
2-Roan Coat Colours

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10
Q

What gene determines if a horse will be solid, mottled, or white?

A

EDNRB-
Endothelin, receptor type B gene

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11
Q

What is epistasis?

A

A gene that alters the phenotypic expression of another gene at a different genetic locus
eg. Coat colour

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12
Q

How do you calculate the recombination frequency?

A

recombinants / total number of offspring = answer

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13
Q

What is the extension of DNA at replication fork preformed by?

A

Enzymes called DNA polymerase

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14
Q

How do genes function to direct biochemical and cellular processes?

A

A functional RNA molecule

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15
Q

List the functional RNA molecules:

A

-tRNA
-rRNA
-hnRNA
-snoRNA
-mirRNA
-siRNA

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16
Q

What does miRNA and siRNA regulate?

A

Expression of individual genes

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17
Q

What’s the 2 main processes linking a gene to a protein?

A

-Transcription
-Translation

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18
Q

Transcription - definition

A

The synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA

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19
Q

Translation- definition

A

The synthesis of a polypeptide using information encoded in a mRNA molecule

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20
Q

In eukaryotic cells, where does translation and transcription occur?

A

-Translation= cytoplasm
-Transcription= nucleus

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21
Q

Whats the 5’ end of the mRNA capped with?

A

modified guanine (G)

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22
Q

What is the function of a 5 guanine cap?

A

It protects the mRNA molecule and acts as an “attach here” signal for ribosomes during translation

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23
Q

What is modified guanine (G) nucleotide termed as?

A

5’cap

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24
Q

What is added to the 3’ end consisting of 30-300 adenine (A) nucleotides?

A

Poly(A)tail

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25
Q

Whats the non coding’s called?

A

Introns

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26
Q

Whats the amino acid coding sequence called?

A

Exons

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27
Q

When introns are removed and exons are joined together what’s this called?

A

RNA splicing

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28
Q

What is a codon?

A

A set of 3 nucleotides.

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29
Q

What does AAA and AAG amino acids stand for ?

A

Lysine

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30
Q

What is a nonsense nutation?

A

When a codon is changed to code for a stop codon instead of an amino acid.

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31
Q

List the 3 stop codons

A

UGA- You Go Away
UAA- You Are Away
UAG- You Are Gone

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32
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

When a new, different amino acid is plugged into the polypeptide chain

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33
Q

What ca these missense mutations have a major effect on?

A

Protein function and can affect phenotypes

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34
Q

What 2 polar R groups are very similar?

A

-Glycine
-Serine

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35
Q

Name the double muscling gene?

A

Myostatin gene

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36
Q

What can alter the reading frame of the mRNA sequence?

A

Insertion or deletion, occurring in exon sequences can alter it.

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37
Q

Who discovered the first mutation?

A

Hermann Muller

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38
Q

List chemicals that can cause mutations:

A

-Nitrous acid
-Ethyl methanesulfase
-Acridine

Base- analog mutagen
Nucleotide analogs

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39
Q

Name radiation Mutations:

A

-Radon gas
-UV radiation

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40
Q

From Charles Darwin’s “origin of species” what is
Central idea 1
Central idea 2

A

1- Descent with modification
2- Natural selection

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41
Q

What is the ‘tree of life’ based on?

A

Molecular information

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42
Q

What is phylogenies?

A

Evolutionary history or development of a group of organisms

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43
Q

What is a phenotype determined by?

A

-genotype
-environmental factors

44
Q

Who developed the field of population genetics?

A

Sewall wright, Ronal’s a fisher, jbs halfane

45
Q

What is the Hardy Weinberg Theorem?- def

A

The genetic structure of a non-evolving population

46
Q

Hardy Weinberg Equation

A

p^2 + p^2 +2pq^2 = 1

47
Q

List an adaptive case of microevolution

A

Natural Selection

48
Q

List non adaptive cases of micro evolution

A

-Genetic drift
-Gene flow
-Mutation
-Non-random mating

49
Q

What is a ‘founder effect’
Also give an example

A

Is is genetic drift in a new colony
-Retinitis Pigmestosa

50
Q

What mutations are transmitted to future generations?

A

Mutations in germ-line cells

51
Q

Name an example of ‘positive selection’ in human populations

A

the Duffy Blood group
‘ duffy gene ‘

52
Q

Fy^o allele in duffy blood group
and
Fy^a allele in duffy blood group

A

Fy^o=
Confer resistance to malaria parasite
Fy^a=
Susceptibility to malaria

53
Q

Plasmid- definitions

A

small, self replicating DNA molecule found in bacteria used as a cloning vector

54
Q

What is the 4 step process of DNA agarose gel electrophoresis?

A

1- DNA migrates from negative to positive electrodes.
2- Smaller DNA molecules migrate faster than larger DNA molecules.
3- UV light is used to visualise the DNA bands in the gel.
4- Ethidium bromide binds to the double strand DNA

55
Q

What is the DNA ligase used for?

A

it is used to seal the DNA sugar phosphate back bone between the cloning vector DNA and the DNA insert during molecular cloning.

56
Q

What’s the temperature steps for the PCR cycle?

A

Denature step temp= 94
Primer annealing step= 55
Enzyme extension step= 72

57
Q

What components are used for a typical PCR reaction?
-enzyme
-nucleotides
-primers

A

-Taq DNA polymerase enzyme
-dATP, dCTP, dTTP nucleotides
-Synthetic single stranded oligonucleotide DNA primers

58
Q

What does the Sanger DNA sequencing method use?

A

Dideoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNRPs)

59
Q

What does LacZ allow?

A

It allows bacterial colonies carrying DNA insert to be selected during the molecular cloning process based on their ability to metabolise the sugar X gal

60
Q

What is the amplicon?

A

It is a target region of a genome that is amplified during the PCR

61
Q

What is 5’-GAATTC-3’

A

It is the palindromic DNA sequence

62
Q

What is 3’-CTTAAG-5’

A

Restriction sequence for EcoRI

63
Q

What is the function of the DNA polymerase ?

A

It catalyses the synthesis of new DNA molecule using a template DNA strand (i.e. Transcription)

64
Q

Example of incomplete dominance:

A

Red snapdragon plant crosses with a white snap dragon plant and produce pink offspring

65
Q

What cells have no nuclear membrane?

A

Prokaryotic cells

66
Q

Homozygous - what is it?

A

A diploid organism with a pair of identical alleles

67
Q

What does the chromatin in eukaryotic cell nuclei consist of?

A

DNA and Protein

68
Q

What is the phenotypic proportions of foals born if the stallion is mottled and the female mare is mottled?

A

50% mottled overo foals, 25% solid colour foals, 25% white stillborn foals

68
Q

What is the phenotypic proportions of foals born if the stallion is mottled and the female mare is mottled?

A

50% mottled overo foals, 25% solid colour foals, 25% white stillborn foals

69
Q

What is a Thymine always paired with?

A

Adenine via 2 hydrogen bonds

70
Q

What is the chromosomal combinations during mitotic cell division of ovine haploid cells that have 27 haploid cells?

A

134,217,728 (i.e. 2^27)

71
Q

What is the genotype of an X linked gene in male mammals ?

A

Hemizygous

72
Q

What animal has gone through 2 population constructions that led to reductions in genetic variation?

A

Cheetah

73
Q

What will an evolutionary founder event increase?

A

Genetic drift

74
Q

What are introns?

A

They are removed from transcribed protein coding RNA during mRNA processing in eukaryotes

75
Q

Does exposure to a genetic field cause mutation?

A

No

76
Q

What is transcription carried out by?

A

RNA polymearse

77
Q

What is a ribosome made up of?

A

Protein and RNA

78
Q

What does the structure of DNA contain?

A

-Hydrogen bonds
-Purine
-Pyrimidine

79
Q

What does a retroviral enzyme reverse transcriptase do ?

A

Transcribes a DNA molecule from a single stranded viral RNA template

80
Q

What is the Sanger lab method used for determining?

A

The sequences of bases in a DNA molecule.

81
Q

What is the method used to produce transgenic animals?

A

-Microinjection of foreign DNA into embryo pro nuclei
-Replacement of an oocyte nucleus with the nucleus of a transgenic donor cell.
-Use of modified retroviruses as vectors to carry genes into an embryo.

82
Q

What is Agrobacterium Tumefaciens?

A

Bacterial species used to produce transgenic plants using recombinant TI plasmids

83
Q

what does TI stand for?

A

Tumour Inducing

84
Q

What VIT is in transgenic golden rice?

A

Vitamin A

85
Q

What process does NOT occur in eukaryotic cell nucleus?

A

Translation

86
Q

What is special about the AMP ^ R gene?

A

this is a gene that confers resistance to an antibiotic during bacterial cloning of recombinant DNA

87
Q

Tell me about Codons?

A

-Consist of 3 nucleotides
-Never codes for more than 1 amino acid
-Basic unit of genetic code.

88
Q

What is the anticodon of a particular tRNA molecule complementary to?

A

corresponding mRNA molecule.

88
Q

What does the combination of human genome consist of?

A

-Nuclear genome
-Mitochondrial genome

88
Q

What is the size of a haploid human genome in base pairs?

A

3.2 giga base pairs

88
Q

What is the anticodon of a particular tRNA molecule complementary to?

A

corresponding mRNA molecule.

88
Q

Is heat a mutagent?

A

No

89
Q

What does RNA polymerase synthesise?

A

mRNA

90
Q

How many stop codons is there?

A

3

91
Q

How many start codons is there?

A

1

92
Q

Definition for semi conservative replication?

A

Model of DNA replication whereby two DNA strand parental molecules separate and each single strand then functions as a template for the new complementary strand

93
Q

What is transfer RNA responsible for?

A

responsible for transferring correct amino acids as site of translation

94
Q

What phase of the cell cycle is genetic material replicated?

A

S phase

95
Q

Co-dominance- definition

A

Intermingling of two dominant genes

96
Q

What is the pentose sugar in DNA called?

A

Deoxribose

97
Q

What does ribosomes facilitate the translation of?

A

mRNA into a polypeptide

98
Q

What will positive natural selection act to do?

A

Increase the frequency of favourable alleles in the population

99
Q

The phenomenon is where some tRNA anticodons recognise two or more different codons, what is this called?

A

‘Wobble’

100
Q

List the process of gene expression

A

DNA-RNA-Polypeptide-Protein

101
Q

What animal is the workhouse of genetics?

A

Fruit fly

Genetics and Biotechnology (2 decks)

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