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Cell Biology > Extracellular Matrix > Flashcards

Extracellular Matrix Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of ECM

A

Interstitial fluid and basement membrane

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2
Q

What macromolecules make up the ECM

A

Fibrous proteins (Collagen, elastin etc.)

Ground substance containing GAGs, proteoglycans, glycoproteins and aggregates

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3
Q

What are GAGs

A

Repeating chains of disaccharide sugar molecules

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4
Q

Describe the structure of a proteoglycan

A

A protein core with many GAGs branching off

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5
Q

What is the key attribute of proteoglycans + what function does it serve

A

Hydrophilic so they attract water creating a cushion which helps resist compressive forces

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6
Q

Examples of GAGs + Where are they found

A

Heparan Sulphate - Basement membrane

Hyaluronic acid - Synovial fluid + many other places

Keratan Sulphate - Cartilage

Chondroitin Sulphate - Cartilage

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7
Q

Examples of proteoglycans, location and what GAGs make them up

A

Aggrecan - Cartilage - Chondroitin + Keratan Sulphate

Perlecan - BM - Heparan Sulphate

Syndecan - Cartilage - Chondroitin + Heparan Sulphate

Decorin - Many connective tissues - Chondroitin + Dermatan Sulphate

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8
Q

What is an aggregate

A

Aggregates contain a hyaluronic acid backbone with many aggrecan proteoglycans branching off

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9
Q

Where are aggregates primarily found

A

Cartilage

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10
Q

Describe the structure of collagen

A

Three polypeptide alpha chains form a triple helix

Strands are made up of repeating Gly-X-Y amino acid sequence

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11
Q

What glycoprotein is required to assemble elastin fibres

A

Fibrillin

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12
Q

Types of collagen + where are they found

A

Type I - Dermis, bone, tendons, ligaments, fibrocartilage

Type II - Hyaline cartilage

Type III - Liver, granulation tissue, bone marrow, lymphoid organs

Type IV - Basement membrane

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13
Q

How does the structure of Type I and Type IV collagen differ

A

Type I features strong fibrous cords of collagen

Type IV Is a flat-like sheet

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14
Q

What is the basement membrane + where is it found

A

Tough, thin sheet of connective tissue separating epithelial and connective tissue

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15
Q

Functions of basement membrane

A

Prevent inwards growth of epithelial tumours

Supply nutrients to epithelial cells

Binding of different tissues

Maintains cell polarity and allows for cell signalling between tissues

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16
Q

What components of the ECM are found in the basement membrane

A

Type IV Collagen

Fibrillin

Heparan Sulphate

17
Q

Examples of glycoproteins in the ECM + function

A

Fibrillin - Assembly of elastin

Fibronectin - Linker role in BM, organises ECM, cell attachment in BM

Laminin - Organiser of BM

18
Q

What produces collagen

A

Fibroblasts

19
Q

What are the cells in cartilage called

A

Chondrocytes

20
Q

Types of cartilage + where is it found

A

Fibrous cartilage: Nose, pubic symphasis, between IV discs

Elastic cartilage: Epiglottis and ear

Hyaline cartilage: Covers joint surfaces

21
Q

What components of the ECM are found in cartilage

A

Aggregates
Syndecan
Keratan sulphate, chondroitin sulphate
Type I or II Collagen

22
Q

Functions of the ECM

A

Anchors cells through hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions

Strongly influences embryogenesis

Reservoir for growth factors and cell signals

Pathways for cell migration and attachment

Bears mechanical stress of tissue eg. in bone

23
Q

What GAG doesn’t form a proteoglycan

A

Hyaluronic acid

24
Q

When is normal ECM remodelling observed

A

Embryogenesis

Wound Repair

Angiogenesis

25
Q

What proteins are primary involved in degrading the ECM

A

Elastase
Collagenases
Matrix Metalloproteinases
Proteases

26
Q

When is abnormal ECM remodelling observed

A

Pathogens breaking through

Tumour migration

27
Q

What are the three layers of the BM

A

Lamina Lucida

Lamina densa

Lamina fibroreticularis

28
Q

What changes are observed in the basement membrane during diabetes mellitus

A

Thickening of BM in glomerulus changes cell permeability

29
Q

What happens to the BM during Goodpasture’s Syndrome

A

Autoantibodies attack collagen IV destroying BM in glomerulus and lung

30
Q

Cause of Marfan’s Syndrome

A

Mutation in fibrillin gene meaning elastin is not arranged correctly

31
Q

Effect of Marfan’s Syndrome

A

Heart problems, impaired vision and incorrect limb arrangement/length

32
Q

Cause of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

A

Mutations in collagen genes

33
Q

Effect of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

A

Hypermobility and very stretchy skin

Cell Biology (3 decks)

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