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cases for neurophysiology > extraoparamidal (week 13) > Flashcards

extraoparamidal (week 13) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two main systems that are important for fine tuning and precision of movement

A

basal nuclei
cerebelllum

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2
Q

actually doing the motor component of a movement is done by motor or premotor cortex

A

motor

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3
Q

what are the 7 aspects important to voluntary movement

A

1) motor and premotor cortex
2) motor thalamus
3) basal ganglia
4) cerebellum
5) BS nuclei
6) SC paths
7) motor neurons

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4
Q

what is the function of the motor cortex

A

executes movements through patters of neuronal activity that descend to spinal cord (activated during the execution of movement)

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5
Q

the motor cortex is activated during BLANK

A

the execution of movement)

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6
Q

what is the function of the premotor cortex

A

organizes voluntary movement wrt sensory info, rep of motor activation, movement planning and execution

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7
Q

when is the premotor cortex activation

A

2) activation during movement PLANNING and EXECUTION
3) activated when observing movement

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8
Q

True or false:
the premotor cortex is only activated during planning of a movement

A

false, also during execution and observing a movement

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9
Q

what is the role of the BS in terms of movement

A

posture and balance (vestibulo system, Reticilospinalo )

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10
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum in movement

A

coordination and sequencing of motor activitvity, head and eye movements, posture and motor learning

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11
Q

what is the function of the BN (extrapyramidal) in movement

A

involved in motor control and modulation

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12
Q

involved in motor control and modulation

what system

A

basal n

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13
Q

coordination and sequencing of motor activitvity, head and eye movements, posture and motor learning

what motor system

A

cerebellum

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14
Q

posture and balance

what motor system

A

brainstem

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15
Q

organizes voluntary movement wrt sensory info, rep of motor activation, movement planning and execution

what motor system

A

premotor

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16
Q

executes movements through patters of neuronal activity that descend to spinal cord (activated during the execution of movement)

what motor system

A

motor cortex

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17
Q

what pathway controls voluntary muscle control

A

pyramidal

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18
Q

true or false: the pyramidal pathways controls involuntary muscle control

A

false, voluntary

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19
Q

where does the pyramidal pathway originate

A

corte

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20
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the pyramidal pathway

A

corticospinal
corticobulbar

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21
Q

the pyramidal pathaway start from cortex and project through where

A

pyramids of the medulla to the SC (cortcispinal) and brainstem/creanial n (cortibulbar)

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22
Q

what controls involuntary movement and modulation

A

extrapyramidal

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23
Q

true or false; the extrapyramidal pathway controls involuntary movement and modulation

A

true

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24
Q

where does the extrapyramidal pathways originate

A

in the brainstem (Basal ganglia)

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25
Q

does the extrapyramidal pathways travel through the pyramids of the medulla

A

no

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26
Q

true or false; the basal ganglia is involved in movement control and modulation

A

true

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27
Q

what are the 3 main nuclei of the nasal ganglia

A

1) striatum (putamen and caudate)
2) globus pallidus
3) substantial nigra

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28
Q

what is the important NT for the substantial nigra

A

dopamine

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29
Q

what are the 2 parts of the striautm

A

putamen and caudate

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30
Q

what are the neurons located inside the striatum

A

medium spiny neurons

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31
Q

true or false: medium spiny neurons originate in the globus pallidus

A

false
they originate in the striatum

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32
Q

where does medium spiny neurons synapse

A

in globus pallidus and substantie nigra

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33
Q

true or false: the medium spiny neurons synapse i the globus pallibus and subthalamic nuclei

A

false GP and substantia nigra

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34
Q

what are the 3 locations the medium spiny neurons receive info from

A

1) cortical pyramidal nueorns
2) local circuit neurons
3) dopaminergic neurons (from substantial nigra)

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35
Q

modulation of movement occurs from what

A

local circuit neurones and dopamine

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36
Q

the direct pathway is involved in stimulating or inhibiting movement

A

stimulating

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37
Q

the indirect pathway is involved in stimulating or inhibiting movement

A

inhibiting

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38
Q

in general, is the thalamus trying to send excitatory or inhibitory projections to the coretex

A

excitation (wants to stimulate movement)

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39
Q

in general, is the GPi (and sub nig pars reticulate) trying to send excitatory or inhibitory projections to the thalams

A

inhibitory (want to inhibit thalamic neurons and suppress movement)

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40
Q

what is the general reason that the GPi and sub nigra pars reticulate send inhibit projections to the thalamic neurons

A

to suppress movement

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41
Q

what are the aspects of the BN that inhibit the thalamus

A

GPi and SN pars reticula

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42
Q

what is the net effect on the crotex in the direct pathway

A

excitatory

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43
Q

in the direct pathway, the crotex sends excitatory or inhibitory projections to the striatum

A

excitatory (corticostriatal)

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44
Q

in the direct pathway, the striatum sends excitatory or inhibitory projections to the GPi/SN pars reticualta

A

inhibitory (through medium spiny neutrons)

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45
Q

what neurons send inhibitory information from the striatum to the GPI and SN pars reticulate

A

medium spiny neurones

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46
Q

by inhibiting the GPi, are we removing the inhibition to the thalamus, or increasing it

A

removing the inhibition to the thalamus

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47
Q

what is the general modulator of the direct pathway

A

SN pars compacta (sending dopamine)

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48
Q

in the direct pathway, does the SN parts compacta strengthen activation or inhibition

A

activation (want to create more movement)

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49
Q

pathway for direct

A

1) cortex sends excitatory projects to the striatum (GO WE WANT MOVEMENT)

2) striatum (via medium spiny) send a lot of inhibition signals to the GPI (becomes inhibitid)

3) GPi is inhibited, therefore sends less inhibitory signals to the thalamus)

4) thalamus is removed from tonic inhibition and can send its excitatory projections to the cortex (STIMULATES MOVEMENT)

=SN pars compacta releases dopamine that acts on D1 receptors which up regulates pathway to create more movement

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50
Q

under normal conditions/movement, is the subthalamic nucleus getting inhibited or activated by the GPe

A

inhibited (ie movement can occur)

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51
Q

when the subthalamic nucleus is inhibited, does movement occur or stop

A

movement occurs

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52
Q

what is the net effect on the cortex in the indirect pathway

A

inhibitory

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53
Q

explain the indirect pathway

A

1) cortex sends excitatory projects to the striatum (GO WE WANT MOVEMENT)

2) striatum (via medium spiny) send a lot of inhibition signals to the GPe (becomes inhibitid)

3) GPe is inhibited, therefore sends less inhibitory signals to the subthalamic nucleus)

4) subthalamic nucleus is removed from tonic inhibition and can send its
excitatory projections to the GPi and SN parts reticulate (INHIBITS) MOVEMENT)

5) thalamus is INHIBITED and cannot send its excitatory projections to the cortex (SUPPRESSES MOVEMENT)

=SN pars compacta releases dopamine that acts on D2 receptors which up downregulates pathway to suppress movement

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54
Q

true or false: only the direct or indirect pathway is happening at one time, not at the same time

A

false, tehey work together to initiate and suppress movement

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55
Q

the indirect and direct pathway work tgt to do what to movemn

A

work together to initiate and suppress movement

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56
Q

how is it that we can have both the indirect and direct pathway working at the same time

A

=they work in two diff areas of the BN

direct pathway is confused o the internal segment of the GO

indirect pathway is more diffuse covering more areas

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57
Q

true or false: dopamine is only excitatory in the BN pathway and explain

A

false, can increase or decrease activativty because there are 2 types of receptors

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58
Q

what are the 2 main disorders of the BN

A

parkinsons
huntingon

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59
Q

diminished movements is parkinsons or huntingtons

A

parkinson

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60
Q

excessive movements is parkinsons or huntingtons

A

huntingtons

61
Q

what are the 4 main characters of diseases of the basal nuceli

A

tremor and involuntary movements (tremors at rest)

changes in posture and muscle tone

slowenes of movements but not paralysis

cognitive and behavioural disturbances

62
Q

explain the different in tremors for the basal nuclei disorders vs the cerebellum disorders

A

BN: tremors are at rest /involntary

cerebellum: voluntary tremors during intentional movement

63
Q

why is it common to see cognitive and behaviroal disturbances

A

because dopamine is in these pathways and we know dopamine has a role in behaviour

64
Q

parkinsons is a hypo or hyper kinetic disorders

A

hypo

65
Q

huntingon is a hypo or hyper kinetic disorders

A

hyper

66
Q

what is the cause of parkinson

A

loss of neurons containing dopamine in SN (loss of domain leads to decreased activity in the direct pathway and increased activity in the indirect pathway)

67
Q

what does loss of dopamine in parkinsons do to the activity of the direct and indirect pathways

A

decreased activity in the direct pathway and increased activity in the indirect pathway)

68
Q

in parkinsons, tjære is a decreased/increased activity in the direct pathway and decreased/increased activity in the indirect pathway)

A

decreased in direct
indrecased in indirect

69
Q

what are the 4 common symptoms of parkinson

A

tremor (shaking at rest, increases with stress)
rigidity (increased tone)
akinesia/bradykineasa (slow and freezing)
postural instability (high risk of falls)

70
Q

true or false: in parkinsons, the tremors increase with stress

A

true

71
Q

true or false; in parsons, the tremor does not reduce during action

A

false, it usually does

72
Q

in parkinsons, the inhibitory projections from the striatum to the GPi is increased or decreased

A

decreased

73
Q

in parkinsons, since the the inhibitory projections from the striatum to the GPi is decreased, does that lead to more or less tonic inhibition of thalamsu

A

more (decreased activity)

74
Q

in parsons, does more tonic inhibition of thalamus lead to decreased or increases movement

A

decreases

75
Q

what is the cause of huntingtons

A

degeneration of the striatum
=disinhibition of indirect pathway=increased activity of motor cortex

76
Q

explain how in huntingtons, there is increased activity of motor cortex

A

lose the striatum = less inhibition to GPe

GPe can send more inhibitor signals to the Sth nucleus

subthalmaic nucleus cannot send excitatory signals to the GPi to inhibit the thalamus therefore there is more movmetn

77
Q

is huntingon geentic

A

yes

78
Q

what are the common symptoms of huntington

A

hypotonia
dyskinesia
athetosis
chorea
ballism
dystonia

79
Q

explain hypotonia

A

decreased muscle done

80
Q

explai dyskinesa

A

involuntary movemntsex

81
Q

explain athetosis

A

slow, writhing (twisting/squirming) movements of the limbs and face

82
Q

explain chorea

A

jerky, random movements of limbs and face

83
Q

explain ballism

A

violent large amplitude movements

84
Q

explain dystonia

A

sustained abrnoaml postures or slow movements

85
Q

in huntington’s, there is increased activity of motor cortex through inhibition or disinhibition of the indirect pathways

A

disinhibtion

86
Q

true or false: in end stages parkinsons or huntinton there is no more tremors or chorea

A

true

87
Q

what is the role of the cerebllum

A

to detect the diff or “motor error” between intended movement and actual movement and works to reduce that error/diff

88
Q

how does cerebellum influence movement

A

modifying activity patters of the UMN

89
Q

TRUE OR FALSE; the cerebellum influences movement by modifying activity patters of the LMN

A

false, the UMN

90
Q

disorders of the cerebellum lead to what

A

persistent errors in movement (disco ordination, dysmetria, cerebellar ataxia)

91
Q

what are the 3 functional divisions of the cerebellum

A

cerebrocerebllum (in the lobes)
spinocerebellum (vermis and paranormal)
vestbulocerebbulum (floculonodular)

92
Q

what is the f=role of the cerebrospinal cerbellum

A

motor planning
initiation of movement

93
Q

motor planning
initiation of movement

which cerebellar system

A

cerebro

94
Q

what is the role of the spine cerebellum

A

fine adjustments of muscle tone
motor execution nd coordination

95
Q

fine adjustments of muscle tone
motor execution nd coordination

which cerebellar system

A

spino

96
Q

what is the role of the vestibulo cerebellum

A

maintenance of balance, postural sway, balance during stance and gait, eye movements

97
Q

maintenance of balance, postural sway, balance during stance and gait, eye movements

which cerebellar systm

A

vestibulo

98
Q

what are the 3 main cerebellam inputs

A

cerebral cortex (motor ansensory) through BS nucleu

spinal cord (propricep and somatosensory)

vestibular nuclei (info on position and motion)

99
Q

what type of info is send form the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

A

info about motor and sensory information

100
Q

what type of info is send from the SC to the cerebellum

A

proprioception and somatosensory info

101
Q

what type of info is send from the vestibualr to the cerebellum

A

info on position and motion of the body

102
Q

the info received from the SC to the cerebellum is from ipsialteral or contralateral side

A

ipsi

103
Q

the info received from the vestibular nucleiu to the cerebellum is from ipsialteral or contralateral side

A

ipsilate

104
Q

the info received from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum is from ipsialteral or contralateral side

A

contralateral

105
Q

the right cerebellum cording movement for right body or left body

A

right body (ipsilateral)

106
Q

what is the main output form the cerebullum

A

deep cerebellar nuclei

107
Q

what are the 2 projections from the deep cerebellar nuclei

A

to SC via vestviualr complex

to premotor an motor cortex via the UMN in brainstem and thalamic nuclei

108
Q

explain the feedback loop of the cerbellum

A

red nuclei receives info from cerebellum and sends info back to cerebellum

leads to adaptation and motor learning

109
Q

what are the 3 layers of the cerebellar cell organiastoon

A

granular (deep)
purkinje
molecular (less deep)

110
Q

what are the 4 main important cells/fibers of the ceberullum

A

purkinje
granule cell
mossy fibers
climbing fibers

(basket cells = interneours)

111
Q

granule cells are located in what layer

A

granular layer

112
Q

granule cells are excitatory or inhibito

A

excitatory

113
Q

explain projection/synapse of granule cells (general(

A

granule cells in deepest layer, its axons project and extend into the molecular layer and split into parallel fibers

114
Q

are p[urkinje fibers inhibitory or excitatory

A

inhibitory

115
Q

where are purkinje cells located (layer)

A

pukrinje layer

116
Q

explain projection/synapse of granule cells (general(

A

dendrites of purkinje synapse with parallel fibers in the molecular layer

synapse with deep cerebellar nuclei

117
Q

true or false, purkinje fibers send excitatory signals to the deep cerebellar output nuclei

A

false, inibitiboru

118
Q

are mossy fibers excitatory or inhib

A

excitatory

119
Q

mossy fibers get input from what general locations

A

motor cortex (cerebro), spinal cord (spinocerebellum, vestibular nucleu (vestibulo)

120
Q

mossy fibers synapsen with what cell

A

granula cells

121
Q

are climbing fibers excitatory or inibitor

A

excitatory

122
Q

what is the only 2 cells of the cerbellum that are inhibitory

A

purkinje
basket

123
Q

give am example of where climbing fibers can come from

A

inferior olive complex)

124
Q

true or false: one climbing fibers synapses with many purkines

A

true

125
Q

climbing fibres synapse with what cell in the cerebellum

A

purkinje

126
Q

the granule cells split into parallel fibers in what layer

A

molecular

127
Q

purkinje cells synapse with parallel granule cell fibers in what layer

A

molecular

128
Q

what is the function of basket cells in the cerebllum

A

they are inhibitory interneours
serve to modulate inhibitory activity of purkinje

129
Q

what are the 2 feedback loops of the cerebellum

A

deep excitatory loop (positive feedback)
cortcilar inhibitory loop (neg feedback)

130
Q

explain deep excitatory loop

A

mossy fibers and climbing fibers (excitatory) synapse with Deep cerebellar output nuclei allowing it to send info to cerebllum outputs

=postiive feedback loop

131
Q

explain cortical inhibitory llop

A

mossy fibers and climbing (excitatory) synapse with purkinje cells allowing it to INHIBIT cerebellar output

=negative feedback loop

132
Q

what does the interplay between two cerebellar loops result in

A

neural sharpening of the overall motor response (allows precision of movement(

133
Q

the neural sharpening is important for what

A

the correction of ongoing motor commands/movments

reduces movement errors

134
Q

true or false: neural sharpening is important for the correction of ongoing motor commands/movments

A

true

135
Q

are the cerebellar circuits/loops adaptable

A

yes, they can change

involved in motor learning

136
Q

true or false: a BN lesion will lead to difficulty producing smooth, well COORDINATED movements

A

false, to cerebellum

137
Q

true or false: in a cerebellar lesion, the movement errors will be on opposite side of the body compared to cerebellum

A

false, the movement errors will be on the same side of the body as the damage to the cerebellum (ipsi)

138
Q

what are the 4 types of cerebellar injuries

A

cerebellar ataxia
vestivbulocaerebellar syndrom
cerebellar motor sundrome
cerebrocerebellum lesions

139
Q

explain ncerebllar ataxia

A

jerky and impressive movements

140
Q

jerky and impressive movements

what type of cerebellar injury

A

cerebellar ataxia

141
Q

explain vestibulocerebeullar syndrome

A

difficulty standing upright and maintaining eye fixation (nystagmus)

142
Q

difficulty standing upright and maintaining eye fixation (nystagmus)

what type of cerebellar injury/condition

A

vestibulocereballr syndrome

143
Q

explain cerebellar motor syndrome

A

dysmetria (over.under reachin), wide based gait and shuffling, diff with rapid alternating movements (dysdiadokinesia) and tremors during voluntary movement

144
Q

dysmetria (over.under reachin), wide based gait and shuffling, diff with rapid alternating movements (dysdiadokinesia) and tremors during voluntary movement

what type or cerebellar injur

A

cerebellar motor syndorm

145
Q

true or false: in cerebellar injuries, you have tremors at rest

A

false, tremors during voluntary movements

146
Q

explain cerebrocerebllum lesions

A

difficulty with speech, playing an instrument and difficulty learning new motor skills

147
Q

difficulty with speech, playing an instrument and difficulty learning new motor skills

what cerebellar injury

A

cerebrocerebllum

148
Q

what are the non motor challenges assocaited with cerebellum injuries

A

cognition (impaired executive functioning, visual spatial processing(
sppech
regulation of affect.mood
learning abilities (consolidator of motor learning)

cases for neurophysiology (14 decks)

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