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Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Types of true strabismus

A

Esotropia(eye turned inward)
Exotropia(eye turned outward)
Hypertropia(eye turned superiorly)

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2
Q

Causes of strabismus

A

Refractive errors(most common)
Problems with extra ocular muscles
Problems with CN3,4,6
Problems with part of brain controlling extra ocular movements

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3
Q

Causes of leukocoria

A

Corneal opacification
Cataracts,congenital or acquired
Retinoblastoma
Retinopathy of prematurity

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4
Q

Causes of floaters(incomplete)

A

Retinal detachment, posterior vitreous detachment, vitreous hemorrhage,

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5
Q

Most common type of conjunctivitis and it’s causative pathogen

A

Viral conjunctivitis, caused by adenovirus

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6
Q

Symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis

A

Itching, conjunctival chemosis, eyelid edema and watery/mucoid discharge

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7
Q

Causative agents of allergic conjunctivitis

A

Dust, mold, pollen, spores and animal dander

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8
Q

Causative agents of hemorrhagic conjunctivitis

A

Coxsackie 24 and enterovirus

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9
Q

HSV viral conjunctivitis concerning complication

A

Involvement of the cornea(keratitis) which can lead to scarring and opacity

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10
Q

Treatment for a stye

A

Warm compress

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11
Q

Signs of HSV conjunctivitis

A

Skin lesions: herpetic skin vesicular eruption
Palpable pre auricular nose

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12
Q

Common causative pathogens for bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Staph aureus, staph epidermidis, strep pneumo, moraxella catarrhalis, pseudomonas

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13
Q

Treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis(excluding gonococcal)

A

Usually self limiting but topical floroquinolones/polymyxin B/trimethoprim can be used to reduce contagion and disease duration

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14
Q

Ophthalmia neonatorium definition and causative organisms

A

Conjunctivitis within 4 weeks after birth of infant

Dangerous: N gonorrhea,HSV

Less dangerous: Chlamydia Trachomatidis

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15
Q

Mx of chlamydial conjunctivitis

A

Oral erythromycin or clarythromycin

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16
Q

Mx of gonococcal conjunctivitis

A

Parenteral ceftriaxone 25-50/mg/kg

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17
Q

Mx of HSV conjunctivitis and ophthalmia neonatorium

A

Full assessment for disseminated HSV infection including PCR and Lumbar puncture to check for CNS involvement

Mx with IV acyclovir and topical antivirals regardless of absence of disseminated infection

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18
Q

How to administer eye drops to young children

A

Drop the eye drops onto the eyelid above the eye and let them drip in

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19
Q

Tool for measuring intraocular pressure for glaucoma

A

Goldmann tonometry

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20
Q

Mx of acute angle closure glaucoma

A

IV carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
Topical timolol
Topical pilocarpine
Topical brimonidine

Definitive:peripheral laser Iridotomy

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21
Q

Definitive management of Closed/Narrow angle glaucoma

A

PLI(Peripheral Laser Iridotomy)

22
Q

Definitive Mx of open angle glaucoma

A

Laser Trabeculectoplasty

23
Q

Interim mx of narrow angle glaucoma

A

Pilocarpine
Acetazolamide(carbonic anhydrase inhibitor)
Beta blockers

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24
Q

Red flags in a red eye case

A

1.Profound visual loss
2. Significant eye pain
3. Unilateral red eye
4. Purulent eye discharge
5. Positive RAPD
6. Hypopyon
7.Hazy or opaque cornea
8. Increased IOP

25
What do giant/cobblestone papillae suggest
Allergic conjunctivitis
26
Causes of Corneal staining
1. Bacterial keratitis 2. Herpes Simplex Keratitis 3. Angle closure attack
27
Main pathogen that causes blepharitis
Staphylococcus
28
Causes of RAPD
1. Acute angle closure 2. Optic neuritis 3. Orbital cellulitis
29
Mx of Orbital cellulitis
Immediate referral, admission of IV Abx, need CT scan and often surgical intervention
30
Cx of orbital cellulitis
Optic nerve compression Subperiosteal or orbital abscess Meningitis Cavernous Sinus thrombosis
31
Conjunctivitis red flags
Contact lens user painful poor vision purulent discharge corneal changes prolonged course >1 week
32
Common pathogens for bacterial conjunctivitis
staph aureus staph epidermidis strep pneumo HIB
33
Are acid or alkali more dangerous in eye chemical injury
Alkali
34
RFs for fungal keratitis
Trauma, immunocompromise or topical steroid use
35
RFs for bacterial keratitis
Trauma, contact lens use
36
Sings of HSV keratitis
1. Decreased corneal sensation 2. Dendritic corneal ulcer 3. Geographic amoeboid ulcer
37
Mx of HSV keratitis
Topical acyclovir for 10-14 days, 5x a day
38
common pathogens causing bacterial keratitis
staph aureus, strep pyogenes, strep pneumo and pseudomonas
39
RFs of bacterial keratitis
Contact lens, trauma, chronic corneal disease and prev ocular surgery
40
Signs and Sx of bacterial keratitis
Sx: Pain, discharge, decreased vision, photophobia Signs: Conjunctival injection, edema, ulcers or hypopyon
41
Mx of bacterial keratitis
topical broad spectrum abx eg gentamicin and cefazolin, systemic abx if sclera involved
42
Common causative agent of fungal keratitis
Candida
43
Mx of fungal keratitis
Topical and systemic antifungals
44
RFs for endophthalmitis
Trauma, immunocompromise, ocular surgery
45
MX of endophthalmitis
Vitreous tap Intra vitreal, topical and systemic Abx KIV vitrectomy if vision is worse than HM
46
Causes of Anterior uveitis
1. Idiopathic 2. Local causes: Tumor, Infection, Trauma, Lens related 3. Systemic inflammatory diseases eg IBD, Reiters, sarcoidosis, JIA, Ankylosing Spondylitis
47
Sx of Scleritis
Severe pain waking patient from sleep, watering, photophobia, violaceous appearance Sight threatening
48
Etiology of scleritis
Often systemic connective tissue disease eg Rheumatoid arthritis
49
Mx of scleritis
Treat underlying systemic condition, nsaids, corticosteroids, immunomodulation
50
Mx of chemical injury to eye
Copious irrigation, lubricants, topical steroids, tertracycline abx, Vit C PO, +- surgical mx
51
Risk factors for Retinal Vein Occlusion
Same as usual VTE Hypercoagulable state: Malignancy, Prothrombotic disorders, COCPs Endothelial damage: Trauma or Iatrogenic Stasis: surgery, immobility
52
Triad of ocular signs in chronic glaucoma
1. Raised intra ocular pressure 2. Visual field defect 3. Optic disc cupping

M4 Stuff (11 decks)

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