eye

Question 1

what % of information received by humans from outside world comes from vision?

Answer 1

80

Question 2

approximately … bits of data enter our eyes every
second

Answer 2

10(8) (100 millions)

Question 3

The human eye is sensible to light wave which wavelength is roughly between …

Answer 3

400 nm (violet) and 700 nm (red)

Question 4

which wavelengths are not visible for us?

Answer 4

Wavelengths shorter than 400 nm (ultraviolet, UV) or longer than 700 nm (infrared, IR)

Question 5

the range of vision is …

Answer 5

infinite

Question 6

what is the sclera?

Answer 6

the outer covering, a protective tough
white layer

Question 7

what is the iris?

Answer 7

the colorful, circular muscle that expands
and contracts to control the amount of light that gets
in.

Question 8

what is the pupil?

Answer 8

a small opening in the iris

Question 9

Anatomically and developmentally, the retina is known as …

Answer 9

an extension of the CNS

Question 10

what does the retina consist of?

Answer 10

retinal ganglion cells, the axons of which form the
optic nerve, whose fibers are, in effect, CNS axons

Question 11

afferent pathways …

Answer 11

bring information from the body to the central
nervous system

Question 12

efferent pathways …

Answer 12

bring information from the central nervous
system to the body

Question 13

sympathetic autonomic nervous system …

Answer 13

regulates the heart rate,
rate of respiration, pupillary response and more in alertness states

Question 14

parasympathetic autonomic nervous system …

Answer 14

stimulates the
body’s “rest and digest” and “feed and breed” responses

Question 15

visual data from the retinas of the eyes travel to the …. via the …

Answer 15

visual cortex via the thalamus

Question 16

where is the visual cortex resent/located?

Answer 16

in the posterior region of
the brain, in the occipital lobe

Question 17

what do both hemispheres have

Answer 17

their visual cortex that gets infos from the opposing eye

Question 18

information is passed from … to …

Answer 18

from the lateral geniculate to V1

Question 19

what is the first region of the visual cortex?

Answer 19

V1

Question 20

where is the information passed to from V1?

Answer 20

to 5 additional stages – V2-V6

Question 21

what is a saccade?

Answer 21

While we are reading or searching a visual array for a target or simply
looking at a new scene, our eyes move in order to move the fovea (the highresolution
part of the retina) to an area of interest in order to process it in greater
detail.

Question 22

what is a microsaccade?

Answer 22

Involuntary eye movements produced during attempted visual
fixation.

Question 23

what is image motion on the retina crucial for?

Answer 23

vision

Question 24

what does too much motion?

Answer 24

impairs vision

Question 25

what are blinks?

Answer 25

A semi-autonomic rapid closing of the eyelid. Protect and provides moisture to the eye.

Question 26

what is pupil size change?

Answer 26

Dilation and contraction of the pupil. Controlling the amount of light getting to eye

Question 27

what did yarbus' experiments show?

Answer 27

we see that the eye did not move smoothly across the image or a page while viewing an image or reading a text but that it has erratic movements with starts and stops, with fixations, inter-fixations, and regressions.

Question 28

what happens even during gaze fixation?

Answer 28

tiny eye movements continuously occur

Question 29

what do some of these eye movements have?

Answer 29

dramatic extra-retinal impacts on visual representations, even in the far periphery

Question 30

why can't the eye movements be averaged out in analyses?

Answer 30

these eye movements are not random

Question 31

aspects of pupillometry (7)

Answer 31

Cognitively driven pupil modulations reflect certain underlying brain functions; sexual arousal; emotional intensity; cognitive effort; surprise/uncertainty; noradrenergic system's locus coeruleus; reward learning mechanisms

Question 32

measurements (pupillometry) (6)

Answer 32

peak; size average along time window; latency; slope; curve along time window; temporal perspective in pupillometry studies is focus not only on how pupil size may change on average or over the time course of a trial but also on the dynamic parameters of change in pupillary dilation