eye Flashcards
(279 cards)
1
Q
What is strabismus?
A
Both eyes do not work together at the same time and same direction; Cause is usually from a nerve injury or eye muscle dysfunction.
2
Q
What is nystagmus?
A
Uncontrolled jittering; can be in any direction (cerebellar lesion). Usually there is a decrease in vision and depth perception; May affect balance & coordination.
3
Q
What is anisocoria?
A
Uneven pupils; can be caused by eye trauma, concussion, brain tumor, aneurysm, meningitis, seizures, or optic nerve inflammation.
4
Q
What is amblyopia?
A
Brain fails to process the input from 1 eye and starts to favor the good eye. May have poor depth perception.
5
Q
What is diplopia?
A
Double vision; 2 images of the same object. Causes include myasthenia gravis, migraines, Guillan Barre, tumors, cataracts, dryness, infections, intraocular pressure, and trauma.
6
Q
What is xanthelasma?
A
Yellow lipid plaque on eyelids (more often medially); Possible hyperlipidemia.
7
Q
What is myopia?
A
Near sightedness.
8
Q
What is hyperopia?
A
Far sightedness.
9
Q
What is presbyopia?
A
Change in vision with aging (↓ elasticity of lens).
10
Q
What are cataracts?
A
Depending on location can give peripheral or central vision loss.
11
Q
What is glaucoma?
A
A condition that can cause damage to the optic nerve and loss of vision.
12
Q
What are floaters?
A
One or more spots drifting in visual field. More common in myopia and the elderly. Caused by condensations in vitreous casting shadow on the retina.
13
Q
What are entoptic phenomena?
A
Visual effects caused by the eye’s own structures, such as ‘flying flies’ where W C’s stack up and cause a clearing.
14
Q
What is a scotoma?
A
Loss of vision in a defined location in 1 or both eyes. Known as a ‘blind spot’.
15
Q
What is aqueous humor?
A
The clear fluid in the front part of the eye.
16
Q
What is vitreous humor?
A
The gel-like substance filling the eye between the lens and the retina.
17
Q
What is the cornea?
A
The transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris and pupil.
18
Q
What is the lens?
A
The transparent structure behind the iris that helps to focus light onto the retina.
19
Q
What is the iris?
A
The colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil.
20
Q
What is the pupil?
A
The opening in the center of the iris that allows light to enter the eye.
21
Q
What is the retina?
A
The light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye that converts light into neural signals.
22
Q
What is the optic disc?
A
The point of exit for ganglion cell axons leaving the eye; also known as the blind spot.
23
Q
What is the macula / fovea?
A
The part of the retina responsible for sharp central vision.
24
Q
What is the lacrimal apparatus?
A
The structures that produce and drain tears.
25
What is pinguecula?
Yellow triangular nodule in bulbar conjunctiva; Deposits of fat & protein. Common & benign. From chronic irritation or sun damage.
26
What is a chalazion?
Chronic inflammatory granulomatous enlargement of a meiobomian gland (oil producing gland). Painless but may become painful if a secondary infection develops. There are no symptoms if it remains small. Vision distortions may occur if it enlarges. Location: further from the eyelid edge than a sty.
27
What is a hordeolum / sty?
Painful, tender, red nodule around a hair follicle. Bacterial infection, pus may be seen as it comes to a head. Lesion is located on the edge of the eyelid (margin).
28
What is dacrocystitis?
Inflammation of lacrimal sac. Pressure on sac can cause regurgitation of obstructed duct. Mucous membrane is lined with 2 surfaces (conjunctival & nasal mucosa). The membrane is colonized with bacteria. Tears draining from eye enter nasal cavity; any stagnation can lead to infection & inflammation.
29
What is lacrimal gland enlargement?
Tumors: ½ of the masses. Cause: Usually unilateral inflammation & infection. Bacterial, Viral: mumps, Epstein-Barr. Rare causes: Lymphoproliferative disorders: Leukemia, Lymphoma, MM. Autoimmunities: Sarcoidosis, Sjogrens.
30
What is basal cell epithelioma?
Usually on lower lid. Papule with pearl border & depressed or ulcerated center.
31
What is blepharitis?
AKA: Lid margin Disease. Location: on base of the eye lashes & usually bilateral. Cause: ? but bacteria and other conditions that cause inflammation.
32
What are scales on eyelid surface?
May crust and produce a yellow or green discharge.
33
What does burning around lids indicate?
A symptom often associated with eyelid irritation.
34
What is blurred vision?
A visual disturbance where objects appear unclear.
35
What are crusts & flakes?
Accumulation of debris on eyelids.
36
What are greasy eyelids?
Eyelids that appear oily or slick.
37
What does red & swollen eyelids indicate?
Inflammation and discoloration of the eyelids.
38
What is excessive tearing?
Production of tears beyond normal levels.
39
What is itching?
A sensation that provokes the desire to scratch.
40
What is photophobia?
Sensitivity to light.
41
What is seborrheic dermatitis (blepharitis)?
Characterized by scaly flakes on the eyelids.
42
What is hypothyroidism?
Condition where the lateral 1/3 of eyebrows may be missing.
43
What is aging in relation to eyelids?
Associated with quantitative loss of eyelid structure.
44
What is exophthalmia?
Protrusion of the eyeball, can be bilateral or unilateral.
45
What is bilateral exophthalmia associated with?
Associated with Grave's disease or hyperthyroidism.
46
What does unilateral exophthalmia indicate?
May indicate a tumor or inflamed orbit.
47
What is ptosis?
Weakness or paralysis of the levator muscle involving the oculomotor nerve.
48
What is Horner's syndrome?
A condition that may be congenital or acquired.
49
What is epicanthus?
A vertical fold over the medial canthus, normal in Asian ethnicity.
50
What is periorbital edema?
Swelling around the eyes due to fluid accumulation.
51
What is entropion?
Condition where lashes turn inward, irritating the cornea.
52
What is ectropion?
Condition where lashes turn outward, potentially leading to infection.
53
What is herniated fat?
Weak fascia around the eyes bulges and sags, commonly in the elderly.
54
What does PERRLA stand for?
Pupils equal, round, react to light and accommodation.
55
What is the normal pupil size?
Ranges from 3 - 5 mm, symmetrical.
56
57
What percentage of the population has unequal pupils?
5% of the population have unequal pupils and congenital; can be a sign of CNS injury.
58
What does PAM stand for in relation to Horner's syndrome?
Ptosis, Anhydrosis, Miosis associated with Horner's syndrome.
59
How does the affected pupil react to light and near effort?
Affected pupil will react to light and near effort (accommodation).
60
What is an Argyll Robertson pupil?
Also known as Prostitute Pupil; small, irregular pupil that accommodates but does not react to light reflex.
61
What is the clinical significance of an Argyll Robertson pupil?
Associated with tertiary syphilis.
62
What is a tonic pupil (Adie's pupil)?
Cause is unknown; non-pathological; involves segmental palsy of sphincter muscles and dysfunction of the ciliary ganglion.
63
What are the characteristics of a tonic pupil?
Large, regular pupil on one side; reaction to light is diminished or absent; near reaction is slow or delayed but present.
64
What is mydriasis?
Dilated, fixed pupil; can result from stimulation of sympathetic nervous system, past/recent trauma, profound hypoxia, or severe brain damage.
65
What is miosis?
Constricted, fixed pupil; can result from pilocarpine drops, brain damage of pons, narcotic usage, or glaucoma treatment.
66
What should be checked in the conjunctiva?
Check for color and vascular pattern; normal is clear; pink over lids; white over sclera.
67
What does pale conjunctiva indicate?
Indicates anemia, especially seen in outer canthus.
68
What does bright red conjunctiva indicate?
Indicates inflammation.
69
What are the causes of conjunctivitis?
Causes include bacterial, viral, allergies, and irritation.
70
What causes subconjunctival hemorrhage?
Causes include trauma, cough, sneezing, vomiting, and bleeding disorders; any increase in venous pressure.
71
What is ciliary injection?
Seen in infection, iritis, and acute glaucoma; dilation of deeper vessels visible radiating from limbus.
72
What is acute glaucoma?
A medical emergency.
73
What does a normal sclera look like?
China white appearance of the sclera.
74
What indicates an abnormal sclera?
Yellow discoloration indicating liver diseases.
75
What liver diseases can cause yellow sclera?
Hepatitis, Cirrhosis, Alcoholism, Infectious mononucleosis, Hemolytic anemias (pre-hepatic).
76
What is jaundice (icteric)?
A condition characterized by yellow discoloration of the sclera.
77
What does red sclera indicate?
Indicates trauma.
78
What conditions can cause red sclera?
Sickle cell, Pernicious anemia, Renal failure.
79
What does blue sclera indicate?
Indicates weak bones and conditions like osteogenesis imperfecta.
80
What is osteogenesis imperfecta?
A connective tissue deficiency that causes blue sclera.
81
Inherited problem involving collagen type I
A genetic condition leading to varying degrees of severity and blue sclera.
82
Brown Sclera
Indicates conditions like alkaptonuria.
83
Alkaptonuria
Abnormal metabolism of amino acids involving tyrosine and phenylalanine.
84
Corneal arcus / arcus senilis
Gray ring at limbus, may indicate hyperlipidemia in young or be non-pathological in elderly.
85
Corneal scar
A secondary cause from trauma or infection that affects vision if it involves the pupil.
86
Pterygium
Triangular thickening of bulbar conjunctiva that may interfere with vision.
87
Kayser-Fletcher rings
Gray/green or reddish gold rings indicating hepatolenticular disease.
88
Wilson's disease
Congenital pathology involving copper metabolism.
89
Ground glass appearance
Interstitial keratitis seen in congenital syphilis.
90
Cogan syndrome
Rare autoimmune disease affecting eye and inner ear in young adults.
91
Hurler's syndrome
Inherited rare disorder with many manifestations including corneal clouding, claw-like hands, organ enlargement, macroglossia, hydrocephalus, short neck, frontal bossing, hearing problems, and short stature.
92
Chemosis
Swelling or bubbling up area on cornea caused by non-specific irritation, often associated with allergies and viral infections, and not contagious.
93
Nuclear cataract
Gray opacity appearing black against the red reflex.
94
Peripheral cataract
Spoke-like shadows pointing inward appearing black against red with ophthalmoscope.
95
Subcapsular cataract
Not as frequent as nuclear and peripheral cataracts.
96
Normal iris
Iris should be flat and against lens.
97
Open angle glaucoma
No crescent shadow, occurs in old age, has no symptoms, slow onset, and causes loss of peripheral vision.
98
Closed angle glaucoma
Crescent shadow, can occur at any age, has acute onset, is painful, causes red eyes, and is a medical emergency.
99
Brushfield spots
Gray/pale, yellow spots found in 90% of children with Trisomy 21.
100
Flashlight test for glaucoma
Used to look for a crescent shadow assessing depth of anterior chamber.
101
Crescent shadow
Indicates closed angle glaucoma.
102
Palpation
Technique to assess around the periorbital rim.
103
Angioedema
Often associated with chemosis.
104
Viral infections
Can cause conjunctivitis leading to chemosis.
105
Allergies
Common cause of chemosis.
106
Corneal clouding
A symptom of Hurler's syndrome.
107
Claw-like hands
A manifestation of Hurler's syndrome.
108
Macroglossia
Enlarged tongue, a sign of Hurler's syndrome.
109
Hydrocephalus
Condition often associated with Hurler's syndrome.
110
Frontal bossing
Prominent forehead, a feature of Hurler's syndrome.
111
Red reflex
Light reflection off the retina, which should be present in a normal eye.
112
Detached retina
A condition where the retina separates from the back of the eye, leading to absent red reflex.
113
Blindness
The inability to see, which can be indicated by an absent red reflex.
114
Retina vessels
AA: small, bright red vessels; VV: larger, more maroon, purple vessels.
115
Nicking
A sign of hypertension in the eye where retinal vessels appear constricted.
116
Sausaging
A sign of retinal vascular disease where vessels appear swollen and irregular.
117
Cotton wool patches
Fluffy white patches on the retina indicating retinal ischemia.
118
Optic disk
The area where the optic nerve enters the eye, normally creamy yellow with clear, round borders.
119
Cupping
A condition where the optic disk appears hollowed out, often due to glaucoma.
120
Papilledema
Swelling of the optic disk due to increased intracranial pressure.
121
Macula
The central area of the retina responsible for sharp vision, which can appear absent or white in pathology.
122
Vitreous fluid
The clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina, which can contain floaters.
123
Normal vision
The ability to see clearly at various distances, typically measured with specific numbers.
124
Visual field
The area that can be seen when looking straight ahead, tested by having the patient focus on a spot.
125
Accommodation
The eye's ability to change focus from distant to near objects, with expected pupil constriction for close objects.
126
Cardinal Points of Gaze
The six directions of gaze tested to assess the function of extraocular muscles.
127
Convergence
The inward movement of both eyes toward each other as an object moves closer.
128
Direct and consensual light reflex
The response of pupils to light, where both pupils constrict when light is shone in one eye.
129
Direct
When light is shined into eye and look at same eye (ipsilateral).
130
Consensual
When light is shined in one eye and look at pupil in contralateral eye.
131
Meiosis
Constriction of pupil.
132
Diopter
Unit that measures the power of a lens to converge or diverge light.
133
Absent Red Reflex Pathologies
Cataracts, Detached retina, Glass/ artificial eye.
134
Reflex opacities
Black = cataracts.
135
Reflex pallor
Anemia.
136
Normal Retina Appearance
Reddish hue.
137
Optic Disk Normal Color
Yellow orange to creamy pink.
138
Optic Disk Cup Normal Shape
Brighter yellow-white, oval and round in shape, < ½ diam. of disc.
139
Cup to Disc Ratio
0.1-0.5.
140
Physiological Cupping
Small whitish depression in disc where retinal vessels emerge, cup is 0.1 - 0.5 mm inside of the disc.
141
Rings and Crescents
Developmental variations seen near disc, may be white, black, both, seen in myopia but are not problematic.
142
Medullated Nerve Fibers
Congenital anomalies (rare), irregular white patches with feathered edges, more common in myopic eye.
143
Normal Veins and Arterioles
Veins larger and darker than arterioles (VV: AA:5:3/ 3:2).
144
Macula and Fovea Normal Appearance
Grayish-pink avascular area and fovea (yellow dot surrounded by deep pink).
145
Macula Location
Lateral from optic disc area (2 optic disk diam)
146
Large Beam Setting
For large pupils
147
Small Beam Setting
For small pupils
148
Green Light Setting
For vascular/red lesions
149
Grid Setting
To make measurements/size of lesions
150
Slit Setting
Assesses elevations or concavities on retina
151
Near Sighted Eye Correction
Use RED (- #'s Patient or Doc)
152
Far Sighted Eye Correction
Use GREEN (+) #'s
153
Diopter Wheel
A device used to adjust the focus of an optical instrument, typically used in eye examinations.
154
Anterior Chamber
+17 or +18 diopters.
155
Optic Atrophy
Death of nerve fibers and loss of tiny disc vessels, can be inherited or acquired.
156
Glaucomatous Cupping
Increased pressure within the eye leads to a backward depression of the optic disc, causing atrophy and potential blindness.
157
Diabetic Retinopathy
Condition characterized by microaneurysms and neovascularization, associated with diabetes mellitus.
158
Microaneurysms
Tiny, round, red spots in and around the macular area, hallmark of the beginning of diabetic retinopathy.
159
Neovascularization
Formation of new blood vessels, usually smaller, more numerous, and tortuous, may grow into vitreous causing blindness.
160
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
May see bands of white, fibrous tissue and neovascularization.
161
Hard Exudates
Creamy, yellow lesions with well-defined borders, caused by vascular leakage from damaged capillaries.
162
Drusen
Small, discrete yellow spots around the macula, associated with aging, sun exposure, heredity, and malnutrition.
163
Coloboma
Developmental abnormality with no visual problems unless on the retina, characterized by a lack of tissue in any part of the eye.
164
Hypertension
A condition that can lead to cotton wool patches and hard exudates in the retina.
165
Systemic Lupus
A condition that can lead to cotton wool patches in the retina.
166
Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis
A condition that can lead to cotton wool patches in the retina.
167
Venous Stasis
A condition that leads to engorgement and swelling in papilledema.
168
Intracranial Pressure
Increased pressure within the skull, indicated by papilledema.
169
Vascular Occlusions
Conditions that can lead to neovascularization in the retina.
170
Sarcoidosis
A condition that can lead to neovascularization in the retina.
171
Chorioretinitis
Inflammation of the retina and choroid layer of the eye.
172
Toxoplasmosis
Contracted from cats/litter; causes a necrotizing retinochoroiditis.
173
Cytomegalovirus
Viral infection of the retina leading to inflammation; a herpes type virus that affects T cell function.
174
Hypertensive changes
Changes in the retina due to high blood pressure.
175
Salus Sign
S-shaped curve in the retinal veins.
176
Gunn Sign
Tapering at a cross point in the retinal veins.
177
Bonnet Sign
Banking of retinal vein distal to AV crossing.
178
Silver Wires
Narrowed arteries in the retina that appear opaque, indicating hypertension.
179
Copper Wires
Arteries closer to the disc that are full and tortuous, resembling copper wires due to increased light reflex.
180
Superficial retinal hemorrhages
Small, linear, flame-shaped red streaks paralleling nerve fibers, caused by severe hypertension, papilledema, or retinal vein occlusion.
181
Deep retinal hemorrhages
Small, rounded, slightly irregular red spots, also known as 'dot or blot' hemorrhages, caused by diabetes mellitus.
182
Preretinal hemorrhage
Subhyaloid hemorrhage in the space between the retina and vitreous, also known as 'boat hemorrhage.'
183
Increased intracranial pressure
Causes a sudden increase in intra-cranial pressure.
184
Submacular hemorrhage
Bleeding under the fovea from ruptured choroidal vessels, associated with macular degeneration.
185
Macular degeneration
Also known as AMD (adult macular degeneration), it has two types: Dry (Atropic) and Wet (Neovascular).
186
Dry Macular Degeneration
The most common type (85-90%), with slower progression and drusen formation beneath the macula.
187
Wet Macular Degeneration
Accounts for about 10-15% of cases, with faster progression and serious vision loss due to abnormal blood vessel growth.
188
Visual Acuity
Tested using a Snellen chart, determining the smallest line of print a patient can identify.
189
Snellen chart procedure
Position patient 20 feet from the chart and test one eye at a time.
190
Jaeger chart procedure
Used for near vision testing for people older than 40/45, with the chart placed 13 or 14 inches away.
191
Anemias
A condition characterized by a deficiency of red cells or hemoglobin in the blood.
192
Thrombocytopenia
A condition characterized by abnormally low levels of platelets.
193
Emboli
Obstructions in a blood vessel caused by a blood clot or other debris.
194
Trauma
An injury to the body, which can affect the eyes.
195
Retinopathy
Damage to the retina of the eyes, often due to diabetes or hypertension.
196
Vitreous detachment
Occurs when the vitreous gel pulls away from the retina.
197
Diabetes
A chronic condition that can lead to diabetic retinopathy.
198
Copper & silver wires
Indicative of changes in the retinal blood vessels, often associated with hypertension.
199
Serious macular degeneration
The most serious type is wet macular degeneration.
200
Cranial nerves tested in light reflex
The cranial nerves tested are CN II and CN III.
201
Pale red reflex
A pale red reflex indicates possible cataracts.
202
Lenses on the ophthalmoscope
The lenses on the ophthalmoscope are called diopters.
203
0 diopter
0 diopter refers to a neutral lens that does not magnify or reduce the image.
204
Systemic disorders affecting the eye
Five systemic disorders that can affect the eye include diabetes, hypertension, lupus, thyroid disease, and multiple sclerosis.
205
Common type of glaucoma
The most common type of glaucoma is open-angle glaucoma.
206
Immediate onset glaucoma
The type of glaucoma that starts with an immediate onset is angle-closure glaucoma.
207
Effect of mydriatics
Mydriatics dilate the pupil and paralyze the ciliary muscle.
208
Age group affected by presbyopia
Presbyopia typically affects individuals over the age of 40.
209
Cause of presbyopia
Presbyopia is caused by the loss of elasticity in the lens of the eye.
210
Large, regular pupil with sluggish reaction
A large, regular pupil with a sluggish reaction to light and accommodation is indicative of a third cranial nerve palsy.
211
Horner syndrome
Horner syndrome involves damage to CN III.
212
Conditions causing mydriasis
Five conditions that can cause mydriasis include drug use, trauma, glaucoma, neurological disorders, and eye surgery.
213
Changes in diabetic retinopathy
Four changes to the eye that can occur with diabetic retinopathy include microaneurysms, hemorrhages, exudates, and neovascularization.
214
Optic disk color with optic nerve death
The optic disk appears pale with death of the optic nerve fibers.
215
Pathology with anhydrosis, meiosis, ptosis
The pathology presenting with anhydrosis, meiosis, and ptosis is Horner syndrome.
216
Argyll-Robertson pupil association
The pathology most commonly associated with Argyll-Robertson pupil is neurosyphilis; other conditions include diabetes and multiple sclerosis.
217
Hordeolum
A hordeolum is also known as a stye; it is located on the eyelid.
218
Corneal arcus
A corneal arcus is found at the corneal margin; it occurs with aging or hyperlipidemia.
219
Vision interference: Pterygium vs. Pinguecula
Pterygium is more likely to interfere with vision than pinguecula.
220
Where is the lacrimal gland located?
The lacrimal gland is located in the upper outer region of the orbit.
221
What are soft exudates found on the eyelids called?
Soft exudates found on the eyelids are called seborrheic keratoses.
222
What are raised yellow plaques on the eyelids called?
Raised yellow plaques on the nasal part of the eyelids are called xanthelasma.
223
What do flame-shaped hemorrhages suggest?
Flame-shaped hemorrhages suggest retinal vascular disease.
224
Which cranial nerves are tested in the cardinal fields of gaze?
The cranial nerves tested are CN III, IV, and VI.
225
What are the typical diopter settings for clear visualization of the cornea and lens?
Diopter settings are typically between +1 and +3.
226
Where do cataracts form?
Cataracts form in the lens of the eye.
227
What test reflects zonular tension of the ciliary muscles?
The test that reflects zonular tension is the accommodation test.
228
What conditions can decrease the red reflex?
Two conditions that can decrease the red reflex are cataracts and retinal detachment.
229
What is another term for a choked disc?
A choked disc is another term for papilledema.
230
What does avascular refer to?
Avascular refers to a lack of blood vessels.
231
What does nuclear refer to in terms of vision?
Nuclear refers to central vision loss.
232
What does peripheral/cortical refer to in terms of vision?
Peripheral/cortical refers to peripheral vision loss.
233
What is the blue field phenomenon?
WBCs moving through capillaries are more transparent to blue light.
234
What is a chalazion?
A chalazion is a non-infective chronic inflammatory granulomatous enlargement of a Meibomian gland; typically painless.
235
What is a hordeolum/sty?
A hordeolum/sty is a red nodule around an infected hair follicle on the edge of the eye; painful and tender.
236
What is seborrheic dermatitis?
Seborrheic dermatitis is scaly dandruff on eyebrows; it can cause blepharitis.
237
What is exophthalmia?
Exophthalmia is when the eyes pop out, showing the white of the eye all around; bilateral caused by Grave's Disease or unilateral by tumor or inflamed orbit.
238
What are normal size pupils?
Normal size pupils are 3-5 mm symmetrical; they are equal, round, and react to light and accommodation (P.E.R.R.L.A.).
239
What characterizes Horner's syndrome?
Horner's syndrome is characterized by miosis; tiny pupils.
240
What does normal conjunctiva look like?
Normal conjunctiva is clear; over the lids it is pink, and over the sclera it is white.
241
What is the normal color of the sclera?
The normal color of the sclera is China white.
242
What do abnormal sclera colors indicate?
Yellow indicates jaundice; red indicates trauma; blue indicates osteogenesis imperfecta; brown indicates ochronosis.
243
What is a Kayser-Fleischer ring?
A Kayser-Fleischer ring is a gray/green or reddish gold ring.
244
What are nuclear/central cataracts?
Nuclear/central cataracts appear as gray opacity against the red reflex, natural with aging.
245
What are peripheral/cortical cataracts?
Peripheral/cortical cataracts show spoke-like shadows pointing inward against the red reflex.
246
What is the back out test?
The back out test is used to distinguish iris from lens.
247
What indicates normal iris and open-angle glaucoma?
No crescent shadow is present.
248
What is chronic open-angle glaucoma?
Chronic open-angle glaucoma is a gradual blockage of the drainage channel leading to slow pressure build-up and gradual loss of side vision.
249
What is acute closed-angle glaucoma?
Acute closed-angle glaucoma is a total blockage of the drainage channel with sudden increase in pressure, causing nausea, blurred vision, severe pain, and halos around lights.
250
What is the normal color of the retina?
The normal color of the retina is reddish hue.
251
What is the color of the optic disc and cup?
The optic disc color ranges from yellow, orange to creamy pink; the optic cup is brighter yellow and half the diameter of the optic disc.
252
How do veins compare to arteries in the optic disc?
Veins in the optic disc are larger and darker than arteries.
253
What is the macula and fovea?
The macula is a grayish-pink avascular area; the fovea is a yellow dot surrounded by the macula.
254
What mnemonic helps remember eye movement innervation?
LR6 SO4 / 3.
255
What is the function of the lateral rectus muscle?
The lateral rectus muscle allows straight temporal movement and is innervated by CN VI.
256
What is the function of the medial rectus muscle?
The medial rectus muscle allows straight nasal movement.
257
What is the function of the superior rectus muscle?
The superior rectus muscle allows upward and temporal movement.
258
What is the function of the inferior rectus muscle?
The inferior rectus muscle allows downward and temporal movement.
259
What is the function of the inferior oblique muscle?
The inferior oblique muscle allows upward and nasal movement.
260
What is the function of the superior oblique muscle?
The superior oblique muscle allows downward and nasal movement and is innervated by CN IV.
261
What are micro-aneurysms?
Micro-aneurysms are tiny, round, red spots in and around the macular area.
262
What is a pre-retinal hemorrhage?
A pre-retinal hemorrhage is a space between the retina and vitreous caused by sudden increase in intracranial pressure.
263
What is the ciliary body?
The ciliary body is labeled as number 1.
264
What are suspensory ligaments?
Suspensory ligaments are labeled as number 2.
265
What is the iris?
The iris is labeled as number 3.
266
What is the lens?
The lens is labeled as number 4.
267
What is the pupil?
The pupil is labeled as number 5.
268
What is the retina?
The retina is labeled as number 17.
269
What is the sclera?
The sclera is labeled as number 15.
270
What is the vitreous humor?
The vitreous humor is labeled as number 14.
271
What is the fovea centralis?
The fovea centralis is labeled as number 13.
272
What is the optic nerve?
The optic nerve is labeled as number 12.
273
What is the optic disc?
The optic disc is labeled as number 11.
274
What is the sclera?
The sclera is labeled as number 10.
275
What is the posterior chamber?
The posterior chamber is labeled as number 9.
276
What is the anterior chamber?
The anterior chamber is labeled as number 8.
277
What is aqueous humor?
Aqueous humor is labeled as number 7.
278
What is the choroid coat?
The choroid coat is labeled as number 16.
279
What is the cornea?
The cornea is labeled as number 6.
