Eye Flashcards by Brian Bradway

What are right eye, left eye, both eyes

oculus dexter
oculus sinister
oculus unitas

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What is visual acuity

distance normal person see object

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When check visual acuity

before any testing to eye or adnexa is done

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Emmetropia
myopia
hyperopia
astigmatism

perfect sight
near sighted
far sighted
light focuses at 2 points (MC refractive error)

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What is adnexa

lids
lacrimal system
- puncta
- canaliculi
- lacrimal sac
- nasolacrimal duct
extraocular muscles
- L6(SO4)3

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What is anterior segment

conjunctiva
cornea
anterior chamber and angle
sclera
iris and uveal tissue
crystalline lens

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What is posterior segment

vitreous
optic nerve
retinal vessels
retina

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tarsal plate
meibomian oil glands
elevate eyelid
close lid

under upper eyelid
posterior to eyelashes for oiling tears
levator palpebrae (CN III)
orbicularis (CN VII)

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Blepharitis summary

Def: inflammation of lid margin
Cause: staph, seborrhea
Txt: lid scrubs, topical abx

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Hordeolum summary

Def: stye - painful pustule of meibomian gland
Cause: Staph
Txt: warm compresses
massage
self-limiting

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Chalazion summary

Def: painless nodule of lid
Cause: lipogranulomatous inflammation of meibomian gland
Txt: warm compress

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Ectropion
Entropion
Ptosis
Xanthelasma

eyelid turns out from eye
eyelid turns in to eye
drooping of lid
cholesterol deposits around medial canthal

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Dacrocystitis summary

Def: inflammation and pain in tear ducts
Txt: Augmentin, ointment, I&D

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Strabismus summary

Def: misaligned eyes (lazy eye)
-PHORIA (fixation is interrupted)
-TROPIA (no interuption of fixation)
eso = inward
exo = outward

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Ambylopia summary

Cause: eye turn (muscles are weak due to disuse)
vision loss at brain level
unilateral

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Cornea summary

nonvascular
layers
- epithelium
- bowman
- stroma
- Dua's
- Descemet's
- endothelium

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Bacterial Conjunctivitis summary

Def: pink eye (purulent drainage all day long)
Cause:bacterial
Txt: 
cleanse
abx
NO sulfa

Scleritis summary

Def: deep injection blood vessels on sclera
SS: deep, severe pain to jaw or temple
Txt: NSAIDs
steroids

Episcleritis summary

Def: acute onset of redness
SS: pain dull ache in eye
Txt: artificial tears

glaucoma summary

2 types:
- acute angle closure (ocular emergency)
fixed mid-dilated pupils
- primary open angle (MC)

Once visual acuity lost will not get back

Optic disc changes due to pressure

Txt:
prostaglandins
BB
surgery

pupil size control

sphincter (parasymp) = smaller

dilator (symp) = larger

Pupils dx

Anisocoria = asymmetric sizes of pupils
RAPD = pupil not restrict due to direct light
Adie’s (tonic) pupil = no or sluggish response to light

Horner’s syndrome summary

Def: loss sympathetic innervation

Cause:
brachial plexus injury
carotid artery dissection

SS:

ptosis
miosis (pupillary constriction)
anhidrosis (decreased sweating)

Iris/Uveal dx

IRITIS = red ring around eye, pain, refer

Cataract summary

Def: loss transparency lens nuclear sclerosis MC Cause: age trauma inflammation ``` SS: blurry vision worsening visual acuity improved near vision black/white with red reflex ```

Vitreous Floaters

Asteroid Hyalosis = yellow/yellow-white, suspended, benign | Synchisis scintillans = sit bottom of eye

Optic cup summary

cup/disk ratio >0.5 suspect for glaucoma

Optic nerve pathology

papilledema = bilateral swelling of optic nerve head CT Papillitis=unilateral inflammation of optic nerve head affect visual acuity

pediculosis/phthiriasis summary

``` lice SS: extreme itching Txt: mechanical removal ointment tx partners ```

Viral conjunctivitis summary

``` MC SS: self-limiting Itching burning watery discharge Unilateral start Txt: warm/cool compresses chilled eyedrops steroids ```

Allergic conjunctivitis summary

SS: Itching ``` Txt: remove causative agents chilled lubricants NSAIDs MCS/antihistamine ```

Chemical conjunctivitis summary

``` Txt: irrigation > 15 min abx NSAIDs cycloplegics ```

Mechanical conjunctivitis summary

Txt: remove causative factor abx cycloplegics

Bacterial ulcer summary

Txt: Culture FLQ aggressive No steroids

Cornea Burns summary

``` SS: delayed rxn 8 - 12 hrs Txt: abx cycloplegics NSAIDs ```

Cornea Foreign Body summary

determine metal vs non-metal remove if can abx refer if metal for rust rings

Macular degeneration summary

SS: poor central vision functional peripheral vision Types: Dry (no vision loss) Wet (vision loss) - distorted lines

Hypertensive retinopathy summary

HTN cause formation new vessels ``` SS: blind spots blurry vision vision loss copper wire arterioles AV nicking cotton wool spots dot blot/flame shaped hemorrhages ``` Txt: BP blood sugar

Diabetic retinopathy summary

DM cause ``` SS: blind spots blurry vision vision loss venous beading ``` Txt: BP blood sugar

Central retinal vein occlusion summary

thrombus vein cause involvement entire retina ``` SS: painless acute onset blurred vision unilateral floaters flashing lights dilated and torturous veins 4 quads intraretinal hemorrhage ```

Central retinal artery occlusion summary

stroke in eye Cause: cardiogenic embolism Giant cell arteritis Vasculitis ``` SS: sudden pain complete vision loss boxcarring cherry red spot amaurosis fugax ``` ``` Eval: US EKG echo ESR coagulation tests CT ``` Txt: emergency