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ABO Test > Eye Anatomy > Flashcards

Eye Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Bulbar Conjunctiva

A

the vascular transparent membrane that covers the white sclera protecting and lubricating the eyeball

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2
Q

Ciliary Body

A

A small muscular structure around the inner surface of the eyeball connected to the choroid containing hair like ciliary processes and ridges

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3
Q

contraction of ciliary muscle allows the lens to do what?

A

To change the shape of the lens within the eye and increase the power required for focusing on near objects

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4
Q

Provides muscular power to alter the shape of the lens making the lens thin or thick

A

Ciliary Body

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5
Q

cornea

A

the transparent part of the eye covering the iris and pupil
• Helps focus the light entering the eye (first part to receive light)
• Crystal clear slightly over 12mm in diameter and 0.5 mm thick
• Tears keep it moist
• eyelid movement keeps it smooth polish and removes foreign matter
heals rapidly and less infected

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6
Q

Pupil

A

The central opening in the Iris that enlarges to vary the amount of light admitted into the inner eye

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7
Q

Why is the pupil black in color?

A

light doesn’t reflect back out of the eye so it is black in color

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8
Q

Crystalline lens

A

The lens of the eye that changes the eyes focusing power by being flexible and altering its shape accommodating changes from far to near vision (power of accommodation)

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9
Q

clear/transparent

A

Crystalline

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10
Q

changes with age

A

power of accommodation

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11
Q

Iris

A

A circular structure suspended and fluid in front of the lens that varies in color appearance and architecture and controls the amount of light reaching the lens by altering the pupillary opening

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12
Q

what two muscles does the iris contain?

A

one to dilate (open) and one to constrict (close)

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13
Q

Sclera

A

The white portion of the eye that joins the cornea to form the eyeball that is slightly thicker than the cornea and helps maintain the shape of the eyeball

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14
Q

A dense tough tissue containing a minimal amount of blood vessels

A

Sclera

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15
Q

Retina

A

The light-sensitive tissue of nerves within the inner neural layer of the eye connected to the brain by the optic nerve of which converts light into never pulses that the brain translates into colors and shapes

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16
Q

10 distinct layers of Retina nerve cells (from the outside in)

A

(1) retinal pigment epithelium;
(2) rods and cones (photoreceptors);
(3) external limiting membrane; (4) outer nuclear layer;
(5) outer plexiform layer;
(6) inner nuclear layer;
(7) inner plexiform layer;
(8) ganglion cell layer;
(9) nerve fiber layer;
(10) inner limiting membrane;
(11) vitreous

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17
Q

Fovea centralis (central pit)

A

center of the macula region (the spot where vision is the sharpest) and area of most acute vision. It lacks blood vessels but has many nerves present

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18
Q

Fovea

A

concentrated with cones lying in the center of the macula lutea. Damage here can reduce the ability to see ahead.

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19
Q

Optic Disk

A

small circular optically insensitive region in the retina containing cones and rods

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20
Q

Ora Serrata

A

the serrated edge of the retina. The retina is attached to the choroid at this point.

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21
Q

Optic Nerve

A

nerve connecting the retina to the brain
• Exits the eye in a central depression (optic disk)
• There are no light receptors at the optic disk causing a physiological Blindspot

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22
Q

Choroid

A

located between the retina and the sclera
• The vascular (blood caring) layer of the eye
• Provides nutrition for the sclera and outer layers of the retina

23
Q

Main Refractive Bodies

A

Cornea and crystalline lens

24
Q

Where does the cornea’s refractive power lie?

A

in the cornea’s index of refraction and its sharply curved surface it has 40-45D of refraction power

25
Q

Aqueous Humor

A

The watery fluid that fills the space behind The cornea and in front of the iris and pupil which maintains a constant pressure in the eye. Too much pressure can be a contributing factor of glaucoma

26
Q

Refractive power of the crystalline lens

A

Refractive power of 20D with a range up to 2-3D

27
Q

Vitreous Chamber

A

Space behind the lens in the ciliary body that

is filled with a jelly-like substance called the vitreous humor

28
Q

Vitreous Humor

A

clear in color and is a transparent jelly-like substance

29
Q

Extraocular Muscles

A 
superior rectus
lateral rectus 
inferior oblique 
superior oblique 
medial rectus 
inferior rectus
30
Q

superior rectus

A

(upward)-elevates the eye

31
Q

lateral rectus

A

(outward)-moves the

eye horizontally to the outer side

32
Q

inferior oblique

A

(upward & outward)-rotates the vertical and horizontal axis of the eye toward the outer side it also elevates the eye

33
Q

superior oblique

A

(downward & inward)-rotate the vertical and horizontal axis of the eye towards the nose it also depresses the eye

34
Q

Medial Rectus

A

(inward)-moves the eye horizontally toward the nose

35
Q

Inferior rectus

A

(downward)-depresses the eye

36
Q

Emmetropic

A

Normal Eye, The eye is able to reflect rays of light coming from a distant object and the image is brought to focus on the retina when the eye is at rest. Person has perfect vision and does need corrective lenses

37
Q

Eye with a refractive error

A

The shape of the eye causes like to bend either too far in front or to far behind the retina resulting in a blurred image

38
Q

Ametropia

A

an eye that doesn’t reflect light perfectly

39
Q

Myopia

A

difficulty of seeing distant objects clearly. This is nearsightedness( what is seen near is in focus) The light rays that enter each eye are focused in front of the retina instead of on the retina. The eyeball is too long for the normal reflective power of the lens and the cornea and sometimes the cornea is curved too much. Occurs throughout teen years and people with high myopia are high risk for retinal detachment.

40
Q

Hyperopia

A

difficulty of focusing on near objects. This is farsightedness light rays focus behind the retina (because the eye is either too short or has too little focusing power) . most babies are born with it which lessons as they become adults. Caused by a shortening of the anteriorposterior axis of the eye. The eye becomes shorter than a normal eye or the cornea is curved too little

41
Q

Astigmatism

A

occurs when light is reflected to multiple points creating a clear circle on the retina. There is more than one focal point causing a blurred image. Can occur at the front surface of the eye or the cornea for the Crystalline lens caused either by the cornea or lens having a non-uniform curvature.

42
Q

Corneal astigmatism

A

astigmatism in the cornea

43
Q

Lenticular astigmatism

A

astigmatism in the crystalline lens

44
Q

Astigmatism symptoms

A

distortion flooring or ghosting of images at all distances. Sometimes patient report double vision with only one eye open. Headache and eye fatigue. Squinting and I discomfort or irritation. May increase slowly.

45
Q

Astigmatism treatment

A

if the degree of astigmatism is minor and no other problems of a fraction such as nearsightedness or farsightedness are present correct of lenses may not be needed. If the degree of astigmatism is great enough to cause eyestrain headache or distortion of vision prescription lenses are needed for clear and comfortable vision

46
Q

Astigmatism Disorder

A

at any time only a small portion of the rays are focused and the remainder are not the results in a image that is blurred. The correct of lenses needed when astigmatism is present are called toric lenses and have an additional power element called cylinder. They have greater light burning power in one axis than others.

47
Q

Presbyopia

A

is aging of the lens in the eye and the muscles that control the shape of the lens. It calmly occurs at the age of 40 on the lens of the eye becomes more rigid and does not flex as easily. The result is that is more difficult to see at close range. The normal aging process of the lens can be combined with myopia hyperopia or astigmatism.

48
Q

Presbyopia disorder

A

A refractive error which results from a disorder rather than from a disease. Caused by the hardening of the lens of your eye which occurs with aging as your lens becomes less flexible it can no longer chain shape to focus on close-up images as a result these images appear out of focus.

49
Q

Presbyopia symptoms

A

near objects appear blurred. Trouble reading in the illumination.

50
Q

Presbyopia treatment

A

corrective lenses such as my bifocals eyeglasses or bifocal contact lenses or progressive lenses

51
Q

Low vision (visual impairment)

A

Due to a significant decrease in visual activity or reduction in the field of vision. The term low vision is used when this degradation limits the fulfillment of daily tasks. Elderly are most commonly affected.

  • glaucoma
  • cataract
52
Q

Glaucoma

A

A condition in which the internalocular pressure of the eye is elevated causing damage to the optic nerve. Increase in IOP can result in gradual damage to optic nerve leading first to loss of peripheral vision then central vision.

53
Q

Cataract

A

occurs when the crystalline lens opacifies or becomes cloudy which prevents light from passing through. Vision gets blurred the perception of color is dulled and the eye becomes less sensitive to light. To protect the retina from damage the crystalline lens absorbs UV radiation. Cataracts are taught to be worsened or made more severe as a result of UV exposure.

ABO Test (1 decks)

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