Eye Infections Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
What leads to swelling of the eyelids?
A
Stye (Hordeola)
2
Q
Inflammation of the conjunctiva is known as…
A
conjunctivitis
3
Q
How is inflammation of the cornea called?
A
Keratitis
4
Q
Inflammation of the cornea and the retina is called?
A
5
Q
What is a chalazion?
A
It is a focal, chronic, lipogranulomatous inflammation of Zeis/meibomian glands
6
Q
What is a hordelea/hordeleum?
A
Abscess forming infection of the eyelid that presents as a localized painful and erythematous swelling
7
Q
A hordeolum involves what?
A
An infection of the glands of the eyelid that may be either internal or external. If the inflammation is due to a internal gland, the meibomian gland is probably responsible. If an external gland is inflamed, the gland of zeis or moll is involved
8
Q
Chazalion involves what?
A
A sterile, chronic inflammation that results from a blocked meibomian gland
9
Q
A chazalion infection may develop from?
A
An internal hordeleum
10
Q
Which organism is heavily associated with hordeleum?
A
Staphylococcus aureus
11
Q
Which other bacterium is involved in the formation of stye in some patients?
A
Propionibacterium acnes
12
Q
P acnes is gram what?
A
Positive
13
Q
What is the shape of P acnes?
A
Cocco bacillus (short rod)
14
Q
P acnes can arrange how?
A
In chains or in clumps
15
Q
Is P acnes motile?
A
No
16
Q
Does P acnes form spores?
A
No
17
Q
Is P acnes part of the normal flora?
A
Yes
18
Q
Where can we find P acnes in the body?
A
Skin, conjunctiva, external ear, oropharnyx, female genital tract
19
Q
What are some manifestations of the eyelid infections?
A
Acute, swollen, edematous, normal visual acuity, normal eye function, conjunctivitis, mucopurulent discharge, sensitivity, pustule
20
Q
Which type of cancer may be misdiagnosed with recurrent or persistent hordeleas?
A
Basal cell carcinoma
21
Q
What can cause an eye lid infection?
A
skin conditions, eye makeup, blockage, inflammation
22
Q
Eye lid infections can be self limited? If so, how long do they take to go away?
A
1-2 weeks
23
Q
What should a patient do as a home remedy to treat an eyelid infection?
A
Apply Warm compress for 10 minutes
24
Q
If the external hordelia is big and causing the patient discomfort, what procedures can be done?
A
Lancing or epilating
25
What is the treatment for internal hordeleas?
A warm compress and also an antibiotic ointment such as nafcillin, oxacillin
26
If a patient presents with complications with cellulitis or has multiple / recurrent lesions, what antibiotic is considered?
Doxycycline
27
Inflammation of the conjunctiva can be...
Bulbar or palpebral meaning that if it’s bulbar the part of the conjunctiva that we can see convering the sclera is what is infected. The palpebral part of the conjunctiva is the one that folds that is going to start covering the eyelid on the inner side
28
What characteristic is found in conjunctivitis?
Pink eye
29
Conjunctivitis can be caused by what two agents?
Bacteria or viruses
30
Bacterial conjunctivitis is associated with what?
Otitis media
31
Viral conjunctivitis is associated with what?
Pharyngitis
32
Which two microorganisms are known to be a cause of bacterial conjunctivitis?
Haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae
33
Which virus is known to a cause of viral conjunctivitis?
Adenovirus
34
what other viral agents can cause conjunctivitis?
Enterovirus (infants and children)
35
What viruses can cause severe conjunctivitis?
Herpes simplex 1 and 2
36
Which bacteria can cause a severe case of conjunctivitis ?
Neisseria meningitidis
37
Which bacteria can cause vision loss in neonates?
Neisseria gonorrhea
38
Which bacteria can causes urethritis in adults?
Neisseria gonorrhea
39
Which bacteria can cause pneumonia in neonates?
Chlamydia trachomatis
40
Which other bacteria can cause disseminated urethritis in adults?
Chlamydia trachomatis
41
What are some manifestations of conjunctivitis?
Inflammation, blood vessel dilation (cause of pink eye), fullness, burning, grit, foreign body, excessive tearing
42
Bacterial conjunctivitis will cause...
purulent discharge
43
what other manifestations can be seen in conjunctivitis?
Petechial hemorrhages, lymphatic tissue hypertrophy, preauricular lymphadenopathy, photophobia
44
Neonates are susceptible to what condition during the first 10 days of life?
Opthalmia neonatorum
| Can be caused by chlamydia/gonorrhea/HSV
45
Which class of chlamydial infection will lead to red itchy eyes and pues formation 5-10 days post birth
D-K
46
Which subtypes of chlamydia causes entropion?
A-C
47
Which other bacteria is also responsible for a red itchy eye with ours formation 5-10 days post birth?
Neisseria gonorrhea
48
Which bacteria is responsible for the sticky eye?
S aureus
49
Which virus causes a red, itchy eye with thin exudate and photophobia?
Adenovirus
50
For patients who suffer from conjunctivitis we should figure out if they...
Have any respiratory tract infections, have any sexually transmitted diseases, or have any fever blisters (cold sores)
51
Which agents are known to cause follicular conjunctivitis?
Adenovirus, chlamydia, HSV
52
The pathogens sis of conjunctivitis depends if the host has...
Defense alterations like an immmature immune system, a microbiota imbalance, or the bacterial species that they are exposed to
53
Can external contamination like not cleaning eye contact lenses lead to the development of conjunctivitis?
Yes
54
Can antibiotic use induce a microbiota imbalance and hence leading to a conjunctivitis?
yes
55
Can rubbing your eyes lead to a conjunctivitis?
Yes
56
What procedure should be performed if there is no improvement of the conjunctivitis after 58-72 hours?
Follicle scraping
57
what is the treatment for viral conjunctivitis?
Supportive care, artificial tears, cold compress, antibiotic drops (for secondary bacterial infection), corticosteroids (to manage the inflammation)
58
What is the treatment for bacterial infection?
Antibiotic drops
59
If the patient has a eye infection caused by gonorrhea, what antibiotics can be used?
Norfloxacin, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone,cefotaxime , spectinomycin
60
Which is the most common antibiotic used for an eye infection caused by gonorrhea?
Ceftriaxone 1g
61
which antibiotics should be considered if the eye infection is caused by a chlamydia bacteria?
Tetracycline
Doxycycline
Azithromycin
Erythromycin
62
What is keratitis?
Inflammation of the cornea fue to an infectious cause
63
With keratitis there is a risk of what?
Perforation which can lead to sight loss. This will depend on the aggressiveness of the etiológical agent
64
what are the most common bacterial causes of keratitis?
Staph aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa
65
Which viral agents can be responsible for keratitis?
HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, adenovirus
66
which is the most common fungi that is responsible for keratitis?
Candida albicans
67
Which other fungi can cause keratitis?
Hyphal fungi
Aspergillus
Fusarium
68
Which parasites cause keratitis?
Acanthamoeba and Hartmanella
69
What are some manifestations of keratitis?
Eye pain, vision impairment, photophobia, tearing, hypopyon
70
What are some manifestations of a keratitis infection due to strep pneumoniae?
Well defined ulcer, Sharp margins, grey base, hypopyon on early stage
71
What are the manifestations of a keratitis due to gonorrhea?
Rapid progression, perforation, newborns
72
What are the manifestations of a keratitis infection due to pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Most destructive, rapid spread, rapid perforation, severe pain, large hypopyon, green exudate, liquid infiltrate
73
What is a manifestation of a keratitis infection caused by the HSV-1/2 virus?
Branching dendritic ulcer
74
What are some manifestations of a keratitis infection due to the adenovirus?
Bilateral (both eyes are affected), the conjunctiva is also affected (bulbar and palpebral), subepithelial corneal infiltrates concentrated in central cornea
75
What what are some causes of a keraitirsjb abused by a fungal infection?
Trauma, organic matter contamination
76
Chronic use of glucocorticoids eye drops increases the chance of what?
Of someone acquiring a keratitis infection due to a fungus
77
In a fungal keratitis infection, we will have a..
Superficial and raised hypopyon
78
When viewing a keratitis infection caused by a fungus, what can we see?
satellite lesions, immune ring, irregular infiltrate
79
What is the most causitive agent of keratitis?
Bacterial infection then HSV
80
What are some risk factors that predispose someone to developing a keratitis?
Trauma, contact lenses, ocular surgery, diabetes, immuno suppression, defective tear production
81
How does a keratitis infection due to a bacteria look like?
Corneal opacity and/or infiltrate (round white spot), red eye, photophobia, foreign body sensation
82
What will the patient present if he/she has a keratitis infection due to HSV?
Red eyes, photophobia, foreign body sensation, watery discharge, branching grey opacity
83
The HAV virus tends to reactivate in the...
Ocular branch of the trigéminal nerve
84
Where is the HSV going to replicate in someone with keratitis?
The corneal epithelial cells
85
What can be observed in A-Prjmary infectious keratitis?
Vesicular eruption of the eyelid, infection of the cornea leading to corneal ulcers
86
Is recurrent herpes keratitis more common that primary keratitis?
Yes
87
Mild irritation and photophobia can be appreciated in?
Recurrent herpes keratitis
88
Patients with a keratitis caused by an adenovirus can experience what symptoms?
Photophobia and foreign body sensation
- multiple punctuate staining lesions can be seen and periauricular lymphadenopathy
89
Which serotypes are the most responsible for an adenovirus keratitis?
3 and 19
90
When the adenovirus infects the eye, there is initial infection of what?
Infection of conjunctiva which easily spreads bilaterally
91
How to diagnose a keratitis caused by a parasite?
Scrapings
| Perform a calcoflour stain
92
How to diagnose a keratitis caused by a fungus?
Scrapings
| Perform a gram stain
93
Diagnosis of a bacterial keratitis is based on?
Gram stain results
94
When should a doctor perform systemic treatment in a patient with bacterial keratitis?
If there is a case of perforation
95
What two antibiotics would you use to treat strep pneumoniae?
Bacitracin and Gentamicin
96
What two antibiotics would you use to treat staphylococcus aureus?
Cephalosporin and Bacitracin
97
What two antibiotics would you use to treat pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Tobramycin and gentamicin
98
What antibiotic would you choose to treat E.Coli, Klebsiella, and Proteus?
Gentamicin
99
What two antibiotics would you use to treat chlamydia trachomatis?
Doxycycline and erythromycin (neonates and infants)
100
is viral keratitis usually self limited?
Yes
101
What two antibiotics would you use to treat HSV
Acyclovir and trifluridine
102
What antiviral would you use to treat adenovirus?
Cidofovir
103
What antiviral would you use to treat varicella-zoster virus?
Famciclovir, acyclovir and valacyclovir
104
what two antifúngica la would you choose to treat candida albicans?
Amphotericin B and flucytosine
105
What antifungal would you choose to treat hyphal fungi?
Natamycin
106
what drugs would you use to treat acanthamoeba?
Neomycin and pentamidine isethionate
107
What microorganism can cause chorioretinitis?
Toxoplasma Gondi
108
Toxoplasma Gondi can be transmitted through what?
Cat feces and undercooked pork meat
109
The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is based primarily on what?
The chorioretinal lesión rather than serological studies
110
If a neonate acquires toxoplasmosis it was probably a...
Utero infection
111
If an aids patient has a WBC count of less than 100 there I’ll be what type of spread in toxoplasma Gondi?
Hematogenous spread
112
What is the treatment for choriorenitis?
Prymethamine and sulfadiazine
113
Which is another causative agent responsible for chorioretinitis?
CMV virus
114
retinitis along a vascular distribution is a typical what?
CMV infection
115
In a patient with AIDS, if they acquire a cmv infection that leads to a chorioretinitis how would that look like?
Full-thickness retinal necrosis, edema, atrophic scar tissue, tearing, retinal detachment, no regenerations of retinal tissue, vision loss
116
In the biopsy for CMV, what characteristic can be seen?
Owls eye
117
Can CMV be found in a urine sample?
Yes
118
Can PCR help in the detection of CMV?
Yes
119
What can be used to clear the cmv infection in a patient with chorioretinitis?
Gangciclovir
