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HEENT CABS > Eye pathology > Flashcards

Eye pathology Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Why are corneal abrasions so painful

A

The cornea is higher innervated

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2
Q

roughly how long will is take for a corneal abrasion to heal

A

24-48 hours

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3
Q

Where does regeneration of the cornea occur

A

the limbus

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4
Q

What is the most common pathogen in corneal ulcers

A

S. pneumoniae
pseudomonas
s. aureus

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5
Q

What is keratitis

A

Surrounding inflammation and disease process of the cornea. Typically associated with corneal ulcers

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6
Q

What is the most common type of conjunctivitis

A

Viral

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7
Q

What is viral conjunctivitis most commonly associated with

A

adenovirus

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8
Q

What may be seen on a slit lamp exam with viral conjunctivitis

A

follicles

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9
Q

What type of conjunctivitis is caused from herpes simplex / zoster

A

Keratoconjunctivits

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10
Q

What is the typical cause for bacterial conjunctivitis

A

If contacts: pseudomonas

Otherwise: S. Aureus, S. Pneumoniae, H. Flu, Moraxella Catarrhalis

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11
Q

What causes hyper acute bacterial conjunctivitis and how fast does it come on

A

Rapid onset of less than 12 hours

m/c associated with Gonorrhea

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12
Q

What is pterygium

A

Proliferative disorder hallmarked by the abnormal growth of fibrovascular conjunctival tissue

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13
Q

Where is pterygium seen in the eye

A

Along the nasal aspect and reaches toward the cornea

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14
Q

What is generally the cause of pterygium

A

UV light exposure
*causes changes in DNA and RNA

Also associated with HPV infections

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15
Q

What is the pathophys of pterygium

A

Light induced alterations of the limbus causes increased angiogenesis and abnormal tumor suppressor P53 and HLA expression

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16
Q

What is the cause of dacrocystitis

A

Infection (m/c Staph pneumoniae)
*generally s/p viral URI

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17
Q

If dacrosytitis is not treated, what can occur

A

periorbital or orbital cellulitis

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18
Q

What makes up the lens of the eye

A

crystalline proteins

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19
Q

What is occurring with cataracts

A

The crystalline proteins that make up the lens will lose their transparency over time

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20
Q

What are non-age related causes of cataracts

A

Trauma
uveitis
scleritis
radiation
medications

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21
Q

What are the common side effects of cataracts

A

Difficulty seeing at night
nearsightedness
frank opacification of the lens
*generally bilateral

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22
Q

What are the risk factors for cataracts

A

Age
Sunlight
Smoking / ETOH
malnutrition
metabolic syndromes
DM
HIV
high dose steroids

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23
Q

What is entropion

A

Internal folding of the lower lid

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24
Q

What can cause entropion

A

Post infectious (trachoma)
blepharospasm

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25
What is trachoma
Chronic conjunctivitis d/t chlamydia trachomatis, leading to neovascularization and scarring of the lid
26
What is ectropion
eversion of the lower lid
27
What is the cause of ectropion
Age (tissue begins to relax) *will present with tearing and dry eyes
28
What is a chalazion
non-infectious occlusion of the meibomian gland
29
What is a hordeolum
infection of the meibomian gland
30
What is orbital cellulitis
Infection of the orbit *can be life threatening
31
What is the presentation of orbital cellulitis
Pain with eye movement fever normal visual acuity proptosis **does NOT involve the globe
32
What is a rare complication of orbital cellulitis
bacterial rhino sinusitis *gains access from ethmoid sinus via the lamina papyracea
33
What is optic neuritis associated with clinically
MS
34
What is optic neuritis
inflammatory disease with demyelination of the optic nerve *myelin breaks down secondary to an immune mediated reaction -systemic T cell activation and then B cell activation against myelin
35
What is afferent pupillary defect associated with
pathology of the optic nerve
36
How do you test for afferent pupillary defect
swinging flashlight test (effect of the light will not get through to the CNS) * if not present -> rule out optic neuritis
37
What causes glaucoma
Increased IOP due to the blockage of the canal of schlemm
38
What is normal IOP
12-22mmHg
39
What is occurring with glaucoma
Increased IOP will cause optic neuropathy and decreased visual flow to the retina
40
What are the types of glaucoma
Closed angle open angle
41
What is acute closed angle glaucoma
Lens or peripheral iris blocks the meshwork/canal (m/c in people with shallow ant. chambers)
42
What are the symptoms of acute closed angle glaucoma
Monocular eye pain blurry vision/vision loss headache conjunctival injection & cloudy cornea
43
What will the IOP be in someone with closed angle glaucoma
>40mmHg
44
What is pipilledema
Edematous head of optic nerve bilateral from increased ICP
45
What will be seen on a fundoycopic exam with papilledema
Blurred disc margins nerve head elevation vascular congestion
46
What is macular degeneration
degenerative disease of the central aspect of the retina *can be monocular or binocular Progressive-> generally starts as dry and turns wet
47
How will a patient with macular degeneration present
with central vision loss
48
What increases a persons risk for macular degeneration
age smoking CV disease HTN obesity sun exposure
49
What is atrophic macular degeneration
Dry Generally will be mild and asymptomatic
50
How can you test for atrophic macular degeneration
Noticed on eye exam from the presence of druses
51
What is druse
yellow deposits made up of lipid and proteins in the macula
52
What is neovascular/exudative macular degeneration
Wet Increased druses causes an inflammatory response. Pigmentation of macula increases and angiogenesis begins these vessels are 'leaky' and the extra fluid can form pockets which distort typical anatomy of the eye = distorted vision
53
What is a retinal detachment
detachment between neurosensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelial layer/choroid
54
In what part of the eye is a retinal detachment most likely to progress
If it is along the superior aspect if initially a larger size if patient moves their head/eyes too much
55
What is the most common cause of retinal detachment
Vitreous detachment (posterior eye) the vitreous mobility leads to cobweb floaters that are visualized by the patient
56
When is retinal detachment vision threatening
If it involves the central retina
57
Why can retinal detachment threaten vision
the separation leaves the neuronal layer avascular which causes photoreceptor degeneration
58
What is the most common type of retinal detachment
Rhegmatogenous tear
59
What is a rhegmatogenous retinal tear
A hole/tear in the inner neuronal later *fluid accumulated between retinal layers
60
What is a tractional tear
Vitreous fibrous band pulls the retina away (no actual tearing) -typically chronic and more likely to be asymptomatic
61
What is an exudative retinal tear
Fluid/blood from a retinal vessel leak, pushing the retina away from its typical anatomic position *typically infection / inflammatory
62
What are black spots associated with in retinal detachment
vitreous hemorrhage
63
What does a patient have if they complain of feeling like their is a curtain coming over their vision
Retinal detachment
64
Where does retinal vascular occlusion occur
the first branch of the internal carotid (ophthalmic artery) - if becomes occluded= retinal infarction
65
If a cherry red spot is seen on a fundoycopic exam with a pale retina, what is the likely diagnosis
retinal artery occlusion
66
What happens to the retina as it slowly infarcts from arterial occlusion
becomes pale translucent edematous
67
What are the signs and symptoms of retinal artery occlusion
Sudden, painless, monocular vision loss *may have amaurosis fugax

HEENT CABS (6 decks)

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