Eyes

Question 1

Which eye disorder is this?

Answer 1

Cataracts

Question 2

What cause cataracts?

Answer 2

Damaged crystalline proteins in the eye lens

affects the opacity of the eye (FRONT OF EYE)

Question 3

Manifestations of cataracts?

Answer 3

• Opaque lens
• reduced light refraction
• blurred vision
• difficulty distinguishing colors

Question 4

Risk factors of cataracts?

Answer 4

• Age
• blunt trauma
• UV light exposure

Question 5

Which eye condition is the leading cause of blindness? Which is the second?

Answer 5

1st = Cataracts

2nd = Glaucoma

Question 6

Pre-Op ECCE with IOL for cataracts?

Answer 6

• eye drops

Question 7

Post-Op ECCE with IOL for cataracts?

Answer 7

• eye drops (antibiotics/NSAIDS)
• night-time shielding

Question 8

Cataract complications

Answer 8

• blindness
• Post surgical: infection, bleeding, glaucoma

Question 9

Which eye disorder is this?

Answer 9

glaucoma

Question 10

What is causes glaucoma?

Answer 10

• Increased intraocular pressure compresses the
  blood vessels and optic nerves
• oxygenation to the internal eye structures diminishes
• The optic nerves and photoreceptors eventually die due to inadequate perfusion, causing blindness

Question 11

Galucoma risk factors?

Answer 11

• Older age
• Drug-induced pupil dilation
• African Americans (the leading cause of blindness in this population)

Question 12

Glaucoma manifestations?

Answer 12

• peripheral vision loss
• “tunnel vision”

Question 13

What is the normal range for intraocular pressure? Closed-angle? Open angle?

Answer 13

Normal range: 10-21 mmHg
Closed: 22-32 mmHg
Open: >50

Question 14

Glaucoma diagnostic

Answer 14

Tonometry: measures intraocular pressure

Question 15

Chronic Glaucoma Management

What surgical procedure are used for chronic open-angle glaucoma?

Answer 15

Argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT): stimulates scarring and contraction of the trabecular meshwork

Trabeculectomy

Goal: improving aqueous outflow to lower eye pressure

Question 16

Acute Glaucoma Management

What surgical procedure are used for acute closed-angle glaucoma?

Answer 16

• Laser peripheral iridotomy
• Surgical iridectomy

Question 17

What eye disorder is this?

Answer 17

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

Question 18

What are the two types of AMD?

Answer 18

Dry AMD (85%) – Gradual breakdown of macular photoreceptors, development of drusen.

Wet AMD (15%) – Rapid progression with growth of fragile, leaky subretinal blood vessels.

Question 19

What are the risk factors for AMD?

Answer 19

• Advanced age
• UV exposure
• Being over 50 w/o apparent cause

Question 20

AMD manifestation

Answer 20

Painless blurring of central vision

Question 21

AMD management

What are the surgical treatment options for AMD?

Answer 21

Laser Therapy – Seals leaky blood vessels

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) – Uses verteporfin (Visudyne®), a photosensitive IV drug, activated by infrared light to seal new blood vessels (may reopen over time)

Question 22

What eye disorder is this?

Answer 22

Diabetic Retinopathy

Question 23

What causes Diabetic Retinopathy?

Answer 23

• damage to the small blood vessels and neurons of the retina
• primarily affecting the back of the eye
• common complication of diabetes

Question 24

Diabetic retinopathy risk factors

Answer 24

• Type I diabetes >100% in 20-years
• Type II diabetes >60% in 20-years

Longer client has DM, greater the risk of some degree of retinopathy

Question 25

What surgeries are involved in diabetic retinopathy management?

Answer 25

**Laser Photocoagulation** - Modified Grid: Targets the macula - Panretinal: Treats widespread retinal areas **Vitrectomy**

Question 26

Complications of diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 26

- Retinal Detachment - Surgery