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eyes Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What are the general senses?

A

Touch, temperature, pressure, pain, proprioception

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2
Q

What are the special senses?

A

Smell, taste, sight, hearing, equilibrium

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3
Q

What are the accessory structures of the eye?

A

Extrinsic eye muscles, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus

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4
Q

What are tarsal glands?

A

Sebaceous glands that produce oily secretion for eyelid lubrication

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5
Q

What are ciliary glands?

A

Modified sweat glands located near the eyelashes

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6
Q

What does the lacrimal apparatus do?

A

Produces and drains tears from the eye into the nasal cavity

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7
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

Transparent membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the eyeball surface

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8
Q

What is the cornea?

A

Clear anterior part of the eye that allows light to enter; contains pain receptors but no blood supply

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9
Q

What is the choroid?

A

Middle, pigmented vascular layer that prevents light from scattering inside the eye

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9
Q

What is the sclera?

A

White, tough connective tissue known as the “white of the eye”

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10
Q

What is the ciliary body?

A

Smooth muscle that changes the lens shape via the ciliary zonule

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11
Q

What is the iris?

A

Pigmented part of the eye that regulates the pupil size

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12
Q

What is the pupil?

A

The opening in the iris that changes size to regulate the amount of light entering the eye

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13
Q

What is the retina?

A

The innermost sensory layer of the eye containing photoreceptors

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14
Q

What are rods responsible for?

A

Vision in dim light and black-and-white vision

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14
Q

What are photoreceptors?

A

Rods and cones that respond to light stimuli

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15
Q

What are cones responsible for?

A

Color vision and sharp visual acuity; function best in bright light

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16
Q

What is the fovea centralis?

A

Area of highest visual acuity with only cones

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17
Q

What is the blind spot (optic disc)?

A

Area with no photoreceptors where the optic nerve exits the eye

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18
Q

What is aqueous humor?

A

Fluid in the anterior segment that provides nutrients and maintains intraocular pressure

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19
Q

What is the lens?

A

A flexible, biconvex structure that focuses light on the retina

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20
Q

What is vitreous humor?

A

Gel-like substance in the posterior segment that helps maintain eye shape

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21
Q

What is the scleral venous sinus (Canal of Schlemm)?

A

Drains aqueous humor from the anterior chamber

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21
Q

What causes night blindness?

A

Vitamin A deficiency leading to poor rod function

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22
What are cataracts?
Clouding of the lens due to aging, UV exposure, diabetes, or smoking
23
What causes color blindness?
A genetic disorder, often X-linked, usually affecting red-green cones
24
What is glaucoma?
Increased intraocular pressure from blocked aqueous humor drainage
25
What is refraction?
Bending of light as it passes through substances of different densities in the eye
26
What is emmetropia?
Normal vision where light focuses directly on the retina
26
What is accommodation?
The process by which the lens bulges to focus on close objects
27
What is myopia?
Nearsightedness; light focuses in front of the retina
28
What is hyperopia?
Farsightedness; light focuses behind the retina
29
What is astigmatism?
Blurred vision due to uneven curvature of the lens or cornea
30
What is the optic chiasma?
The area where optic nerve fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain
31
What is the optic tract?
Pathway from the optic chiasma to the thalamus and then to the occipital lobe
32
What is binocular vision?
Overlapping visual fields from both eyes providing depth perception
33
What is hemianopia?
Loss of vision in half of the visual field, often due to brain damage like a stroke
34
What do ciliary muscles do?
Change lens shape for focusing on near or far objects
35
What do iris muscles do?
Regulate pupil size in response to light and focusing needs
36
What do external eye muscles do?
Control eye movements and tracking; controlled by cranial nerves III, IV, VI
37
What is the photopupillary reflex?
Pupil constricts in response to bright light
38
What is the function of the sclera?
Protective white outer layer of the eye
38
What is the primary function of the cornea?
Refracts (bends) light as it enters the eye
39
What is the accommodation pupillary reflex?
Pupil constricts when focusing on close-up objects
40
What is the function of the choroid?
Prevents light scattering inside the eye
41
What part of the eye controls the shape of the lens?
Ciliary body
42
What is the function of the pupil?
Regulates the amount of light entering the eye
43
What is the function of the aqueous humor?
Nourishes the cornea and lens; maintains intraocular pressure
44
What happens during accommodation?
The lens changes shape to focus on close objects
44
What is the function of the vitreous humor?
Maintains eyeball shape and keeps retina pressed against the wall
45
What is the order of the light pathway through the eye?
Cornea → Aqueous humor → Pupil → Lens → Vitreous humor → Retina
46
What is convergence in vision?
Medial movement of both eyes to focus on a near object
47
What is the visual pathway from photoreceptors to the brain?
Photoreceptors → Optic nerve → Optic chiasma → Optic tracts → Thalamus → Optic radiations → Occipital lobe
48
What is the function of optic radiations?
Relay visual information from the thalamus to the visual cortex
49
What is corrected using concave lenses?
Myopia (nearsightedness)
50
What is corrected using convex lenses?
Hyperopia (farsightedness)
51
What causes cataracts?
Clouding of the lens due to aging, UV exposure, or other factors
51
What causes blurry vision in astigmatism?
Irregular curvature of the cornea or lens
52
What is the most common genetic cause of color blindness?
Red-green cone deficiency, X-linked inheritance
53
What causes glaucoma?
Increased intraocular pressure from blocked aqueous humor drainage
54
What causes night blindness?
Rod dysfunction, often due to vitamin A deficiency
54
Which cranial nerves control eye movement?
Oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), and abducens (VI)
55
What happens at the optic disc?
No photoreceptors; creates a blind spot
56
Where does aqueous humor drain?
Canal of Schlemm (scleral venous sinus)
57
What connects the ciliary body to the lens?
Suspensory ligaments (ciliary zonule)
58
What is the normal resting condition of the eye?
Set for distant vision
59
What is rhodopsin?
Visual pigment in rods, requires vitamin A
60
Do rods or cones contain visual pigment used in dim light?
Rods
61
Do rods or cones allow for sharp, detailed vision?
Cones
62
What layer of the eye contains rods and cones?
Retina
63
What is the mnemonic "S-C-R" used for?
The eye layers: Sclera, Choroid, Retina
64
What does "C-A-L-V" stand for in light path mnemonic?
Cornea, Aqueous humor, Lens, Vitreous humor
65
What does the fovea centralis specialize in?
Sharp, focused vision with high cone concentration
66
What is the significance of the optic disc?
It is the blind spot; no image forms there
67

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