Eyes Flashcards
(155 cards)
0
Q
Abbreviation for right eye
A
OD
1
Q
Abbreviation for left eye
A
OS
2
Q
What is OU the abbreviation for
A
Both eyes
3
Q
Visual milestone related to a term neonate
A
Demo alertness to visual stimulus 8-12 inches from eyes
4
Q
Visual milestones at 1 month
A
Follows object 60 degrees horizontally and 30 degrees vertically; blinks at approaching objects
5
Q
Visual milestones at 2 months
A
Follows person from 6 ft away, smiles in response to face, raises head 30 degrees from prone
6
Q
Visual milestones at 3 months
A
Tracks objects through 180 degrees, regards own hand, begins visual-motor coordination
7
Q
Visual milestones at 4-5 months
A
Social smile, reaches for cube 12 inches away, notices raisin 12 in away
8
Q
Visual milestone at 7-8 months
A
Picks up a raisin by raking
9
Q
Visual milestone at 8-9 months
A
Pokes hole in pegboard, neat pincer grasp, crawling
10
Q
Visual milestones at 12-14 months
A
Stacks blocks, places a peg in round hole, stands & walks
11
Q
Visual acuity in neonates
A
20/100-20/400
12
Q
What does the neonates optic nerve not being fully myelinated impair
A
The ability to distinguish color and detail
13
Q
What may you see in preterm infants eyes
A
Retinal vascularization may be incomplete and pupillary reflex may be sluggish
14
Q
When is the lacrimal drainage complete?
A
Complete at birth
15
Q
When does the eye form? What can harm them?
A
During first 8 weeks of gestation, may become malformed due to maternal drug ingestion of infection
16
Q
When do the lacrimal ducts begin producing full volume of tears
A
2-3 weeks of age
17
Q
Can a 5 day old baby produce tears?
A
No the duct is there when they are born but does not begin producing tears until a few weeks of age
18
Q
When is peripheral vision fully developed?
A
At birth
19
Q
When does vision reach 20/20
A
6-8
20
Q
What is vision at 2-3 years old
A
20/50
21
Q
Is vision hyperopia in term infants?
A
Yes
22
Q
Is central vision fully developed at birth?
A
No. It develops later, it starts out low then gets to 180 over time
23
Q
What is binocular vision? When is it complete?
A
Being able to actually tell distance using both eyes. Complete by 3-4 months of age
24
When can infants differentiate colors
By 6 months
25
What is first color a infant will notice
Yellow
26
Does the globe of the eye always stay the same size?
No, it grows rapidly until 4 years old and then the growth slows until the adult size is reached by age 14
27
A condition in which the eyes do not point in the same direction (misaligned eyes)
Strabismus
28
Causes for concern in neonates
* Symptoms of congenital abnormalities including: failure of infant to gaze at mothers face of other objects or failure of infant to blink when bright lights or threatening movements are directed at the face
* strabismus some or all of the time
29
Causes for concern in young children
Excessive rubbing of the eyes, frequent hordeola (stye), inability to reach for and pick up small objects, night vision difficulties
30
What is hordeolum
Stye. inflammation of the oil glands inside the eyelid
31
Concerns in school age children
Necessity of sitting towards the front of the classroom to see the board, poor progress in school not explained by intellectual ability
32
Embryonal malignant tumor arising from the retina
Retinoblastoma
33
Disruption of normal progression of retinal vascular development in preterm infant
Retinopathy of prematurity
34
Who are the victims of retinal hemorrhages in infancy
Victims of shaken baby syndrome
35
What is ophthalmia neonatorum
is a form of conjunctivitis contracted by newborns during delivery. The baby's eyes are contaminated during passage through the birth canal from a mother infected with either gonorrhea or Chlamydia
36
What is esotropia
Crossed eyes
37
What is the most common type of strabismus
Esotropia (crossed eyes)
38
What is anoxic event
Lack of oxygen
39
What are common causes of childhood blindness or vision loss
Retinoblastoma, retinopathy of prematurity, retinal hemorrhage in infancy
40
Risk factors of childhood blindness or vision loss
Prematurity; congenital rubella, syphillis, toxoplasmosis; opthalmia neonatorum; anoxic events/birth trauma/cerebral palsy/congenital anomalies; CNS tumors or infections; family history of retinoblastoma; no Hib immunization; no prenatal care or prolonged ROM; day cares; swimming pools; hx of sinusitis, OM, or pharyngitis; use of contact lens, makeup
41
4 types of eye problems
Blindness/visual impairment
Eye deviations
Infections
Lacrimal system problems
42
What do you use to test visual acuity
Snellen
43
What type of genetic disorder is color blindness? Who does if effect most?
Recessive genetic disorder, usually effects males
44
Parts of eye exam
Inspection, corneal light reflex, extra occular eye movements, pupils, cornea
45
Is it normal to have a red reflex
Yes! No red reflex is not normal
46
If there is no red eye in a picture what is there a direct association with
Corneal tumor
47
Signs of blindness/visual impairment
Lack of red reflex, sudden loss of or decrease of vision, pupils not round reactive or accommodating, eye pain, nystagmus
48
Types of blindness/visual impairment
Congenital cataract, acquired cataract, retinoblastoma, glioma, craniopharyngioma, optic neuritis, glaucoma
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a lens opacity present at birth
Congenital cataract
50
Tumors that grow in various parts of the brain
Glioma
51
a benign tumor that develops near the pituitary gland (a small endocrine gland at the base of the brain).
Craniopharyngioma
52
inflammation of the optic nerve, the bundle of nerve fibers that transmits visual information from your eye to your brain.
Optic neuritis
53
is a group of eye disorders leading to progressive damage to the optic nerve, and is characterized by loss of nerve tissue resulting in loss of vision
Glaucoma
54
A clouding of the lens inside the eye which leads to a decrease in vision
Cataract
55
How may somebody get cataracts
Congenital, result of infection, trauma, long term systemic corticosteroids or ocular corticosteroid
56
Rare malignant tumor of the retina
Retinoblastoma
57
When does retinoblastoma usually present?
Around the age of 2
58
Greatest survival rate with retinoblastoma if diagnosed by when
Age 7
59
What kind of tendency is there with retinoblastoma
Familial tendency
60
Clinical signs of retinoblastoma
Leukorrhea, strabismus, inflammation (glaucoma symptoms)
61
Increased intra-ocular pressure
Glaucoma
62
Symptoms of glaucoma
Enlarged or hazy corneas, tearing, blinking, unilateral erythema, progressive enlargement of the eye
63
Management of glaucoma
REFER. May need topical B-blockers and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors or surgery
64
Infantile glaucoma may be seen alone or with what other developmental abnormalities
Neurofibromatosis or Marfans
65
What should management of refractive errors be
Need a specialist involved somebody who just works with eyes
66
What is myopia
Nearsightedness
67
What is hyperopia
Farsightedness
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an optical defect in which vision is blurred due to the inability of the optics of the eye to focus a point object into a sharp focused image on the retina
Astigmatism
69
commonly called lazy eye
Amblyopia
70
What is amblyopia
Dimness of sight, condition in children when vision does not develop properly in one eye.
71
What is a strabismus? Types?
Extractor muscle weakness
- esotropia
- exotropia
- hypertropia
- hypotropia
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Diagnostic testing for strabismus
Corneal light reflex, cover test, cover-uncover
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What should you do if there is any deviation seen after 6 months?
REFER. Abnormal after 6 months
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Why are patch fixing eyes used with strabismus
Used to force child to use deviating eye
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When is strabismus misaligned
When tired
76
What can strabismus develop as a result of
Amblyopia
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When is a strabismus often present
Birth up to 6 months of age
78
The ability to focus upon an object with both eyes and create a single stereoscopic image
Binocularity
79
Is systemic vision (binocularity) possible with strabismus?
No it is not possible
80
What is amblyopia
Reduced vision of the eye
81
Involuntary, rhythmic movements of eyes
Nystagmus
82
What may a nystagmus be associated with
Albinism, refractive errors, CNS abnormalities, diseases of the inner ear
83
When is nystagmus common? When should you refer patients?
Common in newborn; if it persists beyond first 6 months of life, REFER
84
A screening test for "lazy eye"
Cover-uncover test
85
A screening test for strabismus and symmetrical alignment of eyes
Corneal light reflex
86
Inflammation of the conjunctiva
Conjunctivitis
87
What is another word for nosebleed
Epitaxis
88
Inflammation of the middle ear
Otitis media
89
Inflammation of the pharynx
Pharyngitis
90
Misalignment of eyes; abnormal turning of eyes inward or outward
Strabismus
91
What does tonsillitis frequently occur with
Pharyngitis
92
When does amblyopia result?
When one eye does not receive sufficient stimulation; can cause eventual loss of vision in effected eye
93
How do you perform the cover-uncover test
Ask the client to fix his or her gaze straight ahead while focusing on a distant object; cover one eye with opaque card; as eye is covered, observe uncovered eye for movement; remove card while observing eye just uncovered for movement; this test screens for deviation in eye alignment and eye muscle weakness; eye muscle weakness is seen as movement of "lazy eye" when it attempts to refocus during the cover test
94
Types of eye infections
Hordeolum, lid or periorbital cellulitis, chalazion, blepharitis, conjunctivitis
95
What is hordeolum most commonly caused by
Staph
96
What is hordeolum
Tender pustules at edge of eyelid
97
Treatment of hordeolum
Hot moist compresses 4-5 times a day for 5-10 minutes , scrub lid with cotton swab and diluted baby shampoo, use Polytrim opthalmic ointment 4x a day while acute
98
If recurrences of hordeolum happen what should you check for
Diabetes
99
Symptoms of lid or periorbital cellulitis
Edema, erythema, may have fever
100
Most common causes of lid or periorbital cellulitis
Strep pneumoniae, staph aureus, H. Influenza B
101
Treatment of lid or periorbital cellulitis
REFER
102
Lipogranuloma or meibomian gland of eyelid
Chalazion
103
Is chalazion painful?
No usually PAINLESS swelling
104
What can you do for chalazion
Apply warm compresses, if infection also use Polytrim (topical antibiotic)
105
When should you follow up with chalazion
Follow up if not improved in 48 hours or sooner if worsened
106
Inflammation of palpebral conjunctiva
Conjunctivitis
107
Most common type of conjunctivitis?
50% are bacterial
| Or could be neonatal, viral, fungal, chemical, allergic
108
Do you treat all types of conjunctivitis the same
No you treat differently so that's why you must figure out the type
109
Symptoms of opthalmia neonatorum
Redness, swelling or bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva, purulent drainage
110
What kind of drainage is there with opthalmia neonatorum
Purulent
111
What is opthalmia neonatorum often caused by
Chlamydia and gonorrhea
112
What would you do a gram stain and antigen test if you suspect opthalmia neonatorum
To rule out gonorrhea in infants less than 2 weeks because it can lead to blindness
113
Treatment of opthalmia neonatorum
Irrigate eyes with sterile NS till clear
114
Treatment if opthalmia neonatorum is from gonorrhea
Hospitalize for 7 day course of IV ceftriaxone or cefotaxime
115
Treatment if opthalmia neonatorum is from chlamydia
2-3 week course of systemic erythromycin (30-50 mg/kg/day)
116
Treatment if opthalmia neonatorum is from herpes
Hospitalize; topical and systemic antivirals
117
Treatment if opthalmia neonatorum is from chemical
Spontaneous resolution in 3-4 days
118
Treatment if opthalmia neonatorum is nongonococcal
Use topical opthalmic antibiotic preparations (erythromycin 0.5% ointment 2-4 times a day)
119
Symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis
Erythema of one or both eyes; burning, stinging, or itching; photophobia; petechiae on bulbar conjunctiva; sticky purulent or mucopurulent discharge; matted eyelashes on awakening
120
Who does bacterial conjunctivitis most commonly affect
Preschoolers
121
What is bacterial conjunctivitis commonly called
Pink eye
122
What is bacterial conjunctivitis often symptoms of
URI, OM, or pharyngitis
123
Is bacterial conjunctivitis often bilateral or unilateral?
Unilateral
124
When should you do a gram stain and culture with bacterial conjunctivitis
If chronic, recurrent, or difficult to treat
125
What happens if bacterial conjunctivitis is not treated
It can be self limited disease but will have shorter course if treated
126
What should you treat bacterial conjunctivitis with
Sodium sulfacetamide 10% drop or ointment (1-2 gtts/ 4 x a day )
127
What should you treat somebody who is allergic to sulfa with if they have bacterial conjunctivitis
Erythromycin 0.5% ointment (1/4-1/2" 4x/day)
128
If bacterial conjunctivitis is combined with OM what should you think
Think beta-lactamase-resistant organism, treat with Augmentin at 20-40 mg/kg/24 hrs
129
Symptoms of viral conjunctivitis
Pharyngitis, enlarged preauricular nodes, erythema and swollen conjunctiva, watery discharge, painful lesion especially on tip of nose with herpes zoster
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What is viral conjunctivitis usually caused by
Adenovirus 3,4, or 7 or herpes
131
Treatment of viral conjunctivitis
Sodium sulfa solution or ointment to prevent secondary infections
132
What is the course of viral conjunctivitis
Will run course of 12-15 days (2 weeks)
133
Do you treat allergic conjunctivitis with antibiotics
No! This is seasonal allergies
134
Symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis
Severe itching; tearing; redness and swelling of conjunctiva; stringy, mucoid discharge; cobblestone papillary hypertrophy in tarsal conjunctiva
135
Management of allergic conjunctivitis
Oral antihistamines (Benadryl), chromolyn sodium 4% for symptomatic relief, opthalmic antihistamine such as Patanol (drops)
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condition that causes narrowing or blockage in one or both of your child's tear ducts
Dacryostenosis
137
Dacryostenosis is abnormal structure of nasolacrimal duct usually at _______ end
Nasal
138
What is Dacryostenosis common in
Neonates or secondary to infection/trauma
139
Treatment of Dacryostenosis
Daily massage
140
When should you refer somebody that has Dacryostenosis
If it persists beyond 4 months
141
Characteristics of Dacryostenosis
Continuous or intermittent tearing and mucoid discharge, expression of thin mucopurulent exudate from punctum
142
What are eyelid injuries usually due to
Trauma
143
Who are eyelid injuries more common in
Boys
144
Symptoms of eyelid injury
Pain, ecchymosis, lacerations
145
What are corneal abrasions usually due to
Trauma
146
When there is injected conjunctiva in corneal abrasions what do you see
Lid/EOM movement not normal
147
Symptoms of corneal abrasions
Pain, foreign body, scratching, photophobia, swelling
148
What is foreign body usually due to
Trauma
149
Symptoms of foreign body
Pain, foreign body sensation, tearing, eyelid edema, injected conjunctiva
150
symptoms of redness in the white sclera of the eye
Injected conjunctiva
151
Treatment of foreign body
Irrigate (flush for 15 minutes) if not successful REFER
152
When should you think periorbital fracture with black eyes
Pain on vertical eye movements, double vision, tenderness/pain, eyelid swelling, hyphema, ptosis
153
collection of blood inside the front part of the eye (called the anterior chamber, between the cornea and the iris). The blood may cover part or all of the iris (the colored part of the eye) and the pupil, and may partly or totally block vision in that eye
Hyphema
154
Drooping of eyelid
Ptosis
