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Physical Diagnosis 1 > Eyes > Flashcards

Eyes Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What is physiological anisocoria?

A

Difference in muscle tone between right and left pupil
20%
One pupil larger than other and stays that way throughout dilation/contraction

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2
Q

Horners syndrome

A

Pupil of affected eye is smaller

Also have ptosis, anhidrosis

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3
Q

Argyll robertson pupils

A

Constrict only in response to accommodation

Do not constrict in response to light

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4
Q

What might you find argyll Robertson pupils in response to?

A

Syphilis, diabetics, alcoholics

ALWAYS PATHOLOGICAL

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5
Q

Adies pupil

A

Doesn’t constrict in response to light and accommodation

May constrict after a bit but sluggish
ALWAYS BENIGN

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6
Q

Is argyll Robertson pupils benign or pathological?

A

Pathological

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7
Q

Are adies pupil always benign or pathological?

A

Benign

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8
Q

Marcus Gunn pupil

A

Abnormal afferent pathways. Will dilate in response to light but poorly constricts.

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9
Q

What is Marcus Gunn pupil usually caused by?

A

Optic neuritis

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10
Q

What are the common cause of optic neuritis

A
  • demyelinating diseases
  • infections: TB, HIV, Lyme, Hep etc
  • sinus infections
  • drugs
  • radiator therapy
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11
Q

What is the red free filter used to detect?

A

Hemorrhages

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12
Q

What is the cobalt filter used to detect?

A

With flourescein dye to evaluate small lesions, corneal abrasions and foreign bodies

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13
Q

What is another word for near-sighted?

A

Myoptic

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14
Q

What is another name for far-sighted?

A

Hyperopic

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15
Q

What are a few of the things that you can evaluate the disc for?

A

Clarity of the outline, color, elevation and condition of vessels

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16
Q

Arcus cornealis

A

Opaque, grayish ring at the periphery of the cornea within the sclerocorneal junction
-common in the elderly

-from fatty granules or hyaline degeneration of lamellae and cells of the cornea

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17
Q

Hordeolum

A

Aka: style

Inflammation of the lash follicle

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18
Q

Chalazion

A

Plugged meibomian gland

Usually not tender

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19
Q

Blepharitis

A

Inflammation of the eyelids
Anterior: affects outer lid caused by bacteria and scalp dandruff
Posterior: affects inner lid caused by problems with oil/meibomian glands

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20
Q

Xanthelasma

A

Yellow, flat plaques that occur near inner canthus

Commonly occur in people with hyperlipidemia

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21
Q

Milia

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A

Firm collection of oil/skin cells that get walled off. Not associated with a pore

22
Q

Ectropion

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A

Outward turning of the eyelid

23
Q

Conjunctivitis

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A

Viral MC
Bacterial: yellow sticky pus
Allergies and mechanical irritation may cause

24
Q

Pinguecula

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A

Abnormal growth on the eye

  • thickening lateral to the iris
  • does not interfere with sight
25
Pterygium
Abnormal growth on the surface of the eye - may grow large enough to cover the iris and pupil - wedge growth lateral to the iris
26
Coloboma
Anomaly with the iris | “Keyhole” shape
27
Leukocoria
“White reflex” Indicates that something is changing color of retina or something obstructing normal reflex MC cause is congenital cataract Retinoblastoma most serious causes
28
Amblyopia
Anything that affects normal use of the eyes and visual development 3 major causes: 1. Strabismus 2. Unequal focus 3. Cloudiness
29
3 things that cause amblyopia
1. Strabismus 2. Unequal focus 3. Cloudiness of of the eye tissues
30
Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NDR)
MC form of diabetic -20 years of diabetes almost 100% of Type 1 patients have some degree Features: microaneurysm, cotton wool spots, exudates
31
What are the main features seen in nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy?
1. Cotton wool spots 2. Microaneurysms 3. Exudates
32
Proliferation diabetic retinopathy (PDR)
- growth of new vessels on the retina - loss of vision - neovascularization of the disc (NVD)
33
Cotton wool spots
Small, yellowish areas in retina -due to swelling of the retina due to impaired blood flow -MC with high BP and diabetes May become exudates
34
Microaneurysms
- earliest sign of diabetic retinopathy | - transition to hemorrhages
35
Hemorrahages
Resemble ischemic retina | -usually cause damage and visual issues
36
Exudates
- accumulations of lipid and protein - bright reflective white lesions - represent increased vessel permeability and increased risk of edema
37
Hypertensive retinopathy findings
``` Cotton wool spots Flame shaped hemorrhages Macular edema Disc edema Cholesterol laid down into the tunica intima and medium that lead to hemorrhage and cotton wool spots ```
38
AV ration
Arteriovenous ratio 3:5 to 2:3
39
AV nicking
Cause of vascular sclerosis | Where vein and artery overlap
40
MC cause of AV nicking
Prolonged systemic HTN
41
Drusen bodies
Round yellow deposits that form under retina | Form in the periphery
42
What are factors in formation of drusen bodies?
Atherosclerosis, amount of pigmentation, heredity, and exposure to sun
43
Glaucoma
Increased pressure within the eye due to obstruction of aqueous humor outflow Causes “cupping” of optic disc
44
What can glaucoma lead to?
Destruction of optic fibers and visual field deficit
45
Retinal tears
Due to traction on retina by vitreous gel Over time vitreous becomes thinner and separates from the retina —> posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) which cause “floaters”
46
Floaters
Created as vitreous pulls free from the retina | -gel that cast shadows on the retina
47
Retinal detachment
When sensory and pigmented layer separate | MC in middle-aged and elderly
48
3 types of retinal detachments
1. Break in sensory layer of retina and fluid seeps in causing separation Near-sighted more at risk 2. Strands of vitreous scar tissue traction retina pulling it loose Diabetes most at risk 3. Fluid collects under retina and cause it to separate In conjunction with another disease of the eye
49
Signs and symptoms of retinal detachment
- light flashes - “watery” vision - veil obstructing vision - many floaters
50
Papilledema
Optic disc swelling secondary to increased intracranial pressure - vision well preserved - bilateral and onset is between hours and weeks
51
Signs and symptoms of papilledema
headache that is exacerbated with coughing/valsalva manouver | Nausea/vomiting

Physical Diagnosis 1 (1 decks)

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