EYES

Question 1

Question 2

Question 3

Answer 3

• Multiple dot and blot haemorrhages
• Cotton wool spots (CWS)
• Intra-retinal micro-vascular abnormalities

(IRMA)
• New Vessel formation on the disc (NVD)

Pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Question 4

Answer 4

• New vessels on the disc (NVD) and else- where (NVE) along the vascular arcades

• Haemorrhages
• Hard exudates
• Pre-retinal fibrosis

Advanced Diabetic proliferative retinopathy

Question 5

Question 6

Answer 6

The main clinical features are:

Focal areas of pigmentation consistent with focal laser photocoagulation

Multiple hard exudates are seen within the macular area

Some in a circinate pattern with central Microaneurysms

DIABETIC MACULOPATHY: ONGOING WITH PREVIOUS FOCAL LASER PHOTOCOAGULATION

Question 7

Answer 7

Multiple laser scars with areas of hyperpig- mentation

Probable regressed New Vessels at the disc with residual gliosis

Question 8

Answer 8

Optic disc with uniform central cup with cup disc ratio <0.5 and normal
neuroretinal rim

Retinal vessels and macula look normal

This degree of darker redness in the central

macular area (fovea centralis) is normal

The slight darkening of the peripheral retinal

vessels is also normal

NORMAL FUNDUS (OPTIC DISC AND RETINA)

Question 9

Answer 9

Large cup disc ratio (>0.5) indicating cupping of the optic disc

Superior polar notching

Nasal displacement of central blood vessels

Question 10

Answer 10

The main clinical features are:

Disc margins are obscured and swollen and hyperaemic

Retinal vessels show tortuosity

PAPILLOEDEMA

Question 11

Answer 11

Focal areas of atrophy of retinal pigment in the central macular area

Drusen in the macular area

(fovea centralis)

Question 12

Answer 12

Focal narrowing of arterioles
• Changes at arterio-venous crossings along

inferotemporal arcade (A-V nipping

Question 13

Answer 13

Papilloedema

Tortuosity and dilatation of all branches of

the central retinal vein

Retinal haemorrhages: flame shaped, dot

and blot in all quadrants

Cotton wool spots (CWS)

CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION (CRVO)

Question 14

Answer 14

• Attenuation of arteries and veins
• The pale temporal edge of the optic disc is

shown
• Central ‘cherry red spot’ with surrounding

pale retina

CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION (CRAO)

Question 15

Answer 15

• Widely distributed drusen with the macular area

DRUSEN ( risk of macular degeneration as the drusen spread towards the macular –> central vision loss)

Question 16

Question 17