Eyes and Ears

Question 1

Screening test to detect deficiencies in vision.

Answer 1

Visual acuity test

Question 2

Requires specially prepared colored plates

Answer 2

Color vision assessment

Question 3

Inability to distinguish certain colors. Red and green most common

Answer 3

Color blindness

Question 4

Washing a body canal with a flowing solution

Answer 4

Irrigation

Question 5

Dropping a liquid into a body cavity

Answer 5

Installation

Question 6

Acuteness or sharpness of vision

Answer 6

Visual acuity

Question 7

Can see clearly. Able to distinguish fine details close up and at a distance

Answer 7

Normal visual acuity

Question 8

Most common cause of defects in visually acuity. Light rays are not being bent properly. Are not focused on retina adequately. Cause: is a defect in the shape of the eyeball and can be improved with corrective lenses.

Answer 8

Errors of refraction

Question 9

Bending of the parallel light rays coming into the eye so they can be focused on the retina.

Answer 9

Refraction

Question 10

Nearsighted. Eyeball is too long from front to back. Causes light rays to be brough to a focus in front of retina. Difficulty seeing objects at a distance. May squint and have HA from eye strain. Corrective lenses (eyeglasses, contact lenses) or laser surgery can correct the condition: Allows light rays to come to a focus on the retina.

Answer 10

Myopia

Question 11

Farsighted. Eyeball too short from front to back. Causes light rays to focus behind the retina. Difficulty viewing objects at a reading or working distance. May have blurring, headache, and eye strain while performing close-up tasks. Corrective lenses can correct the condition: Cause light rays to focus on the retina.

Answer 11

Hyperopia

Question 12

Causes distorted and blurred vision for both near and far objects. With this, the cornea is curved into an oval shape, which causes light rays to focus on two different points on the retina (instead of one point); results in distorted and blurred vision. Often occurs with myopia or hyperopia

Answer 12

Astigmatism

Question 13

Decrease in elasticity of lens. Usually begins after age 40. Results in a decreased ability to focus clearly on close objects. Can be corrected with corrective lenses (reading glasses).

Answer 13

Presbyopia

Question 14

Physician specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the eye. Prescribes ophthalmic and systemic medications. Performs eye surgery.

Answer 14

Ophthalmologist

Question 15

Licensed primary health care provider who has expertise in measuring visual acuity and prescribing corrective lenses. Can diagnose and treat disorders and diseases of the eye. Prescribes ophthalmic medications. Not a physician; cannot prescribe systemic medications or perform eye surgery.

Answer 15

Optometrist

Question 16

Professional who interprets and fills prescription for eyeglasses and contact lenses

Answer 16

Optician

Question 17

Used to diagnose myopia along with other tests. Snellen eye chart most often used. Types of charts:
- Letters in decreasing sizes are used for school-aged children and adults
- Capital letter E in decreasing sizes (arranged in different directions) are used for preschool children, non-English-speaking people, and nonreaders

Answer 17

Assessment of Distance Visual Acuity (DVA)

Question 18

Normal DVA is what? Meaning person can read what he or she is supposed to read at 20 feet.

Answer 18

20/20

Question 19

Smallest line the individual could rad at 20 ft. People with normal acuity can read this line at 30 ft. What vision is this?
Smallest line in the individual could read at 20 feet. Indicates above-average DVA. People with normal acuity can read at 15 feet.

Answer 19

• 20/30
• 20/15

Question 20

Explain the procedure completely to child. Tell child you will be playing a pointing game. Do not force child, results will be inaccurate. Draw a capital E on an index card. Teach child to point in the direction of the open part of the E by turning the card in different directions.
- Phrases to describe open part of E: “fingers” or “legs of table”
- Allow child to practice
- Praise child when correct
- Parent may need to help child hold occluder in place

Answer 20

Snellen Big E chart

Question 21

Assesses patient’s ability to read objects close up .At a reading or working distance. Used to detect hyperopia and presbyopia. What is this?
Patient holds card at a distance range of how many inches?

Answer 21

• Near Visual Acuity (NVA) Testing
• 14-16 inches

Question 22

Contains different sizes of type ranging from size of newspaper headline down to very small print.

Answer 22

NVA card

Question 23

What is the most common defect in color vision that is inherited (present at birth) and most often affects males?
What defect is acquired after birth and can be from eye or brain injury, disease, or certain drugs?

Answer 23

• Congenital defect
• Acquired defect

Question 24

Detect congenital color vision defects. Often performed in medical office.

Answer 24

Color vision tests

Question 25

Ask patient to identify red and green lines on Snellen chart.

Answer 25

Basic color vision screening test

Question 26

Detects total congenital color blindness and red-green color blindness. Uses this of a book which contains series of plates consisting of colored dots. Forms a numeral against a background of dots of contrasting colors. Patients with normal color vision can read appropriate numeral.

Answer 26

Ishihara Test

Question 27

What plate from the Ishihara test can be read correctly by all patients and is used to explain test procedure to patient? Test consists of how many color plates? What plates are used for basic test? What about for further assessment of patients with red-green deficiency?

Answer 27

- First plate - 14 color plates - Plates 1 through 11 - Plates 12 through 14

Question 28

Normal color vision is how many plates? Color vision deficiency is seen with how many plates?

Answer 28

- 10 or more plates read correctly - 7 or fewer plates read correctly

Question 29

Cleanse the eye by washing away foreign particles, ocular discharges, and harmful chemicals. Relieve inflammation through application of heat. Apply an antiseptic solution.

Answer 29

Eye Irrigation

Question 30

Dropping of a liquid into the lower conjunctival sac. Treat eye infections (with medications). Soothe an irritated eye. Dilate the pupil. Anesthetize the eye during eye examination or treatment. Medications instilled in eye may come in the form of liquid (ophthalmic drops) usually dispensed in a flexible bottle with an attached dropper. Can come in the form of ointment which is dispensed in a small metal tube with tip for applying medication.

Answer 30

Eye Instillation

Question 31

Part of complete physical examination. Person can have hearing loss and not be aware of it. Early detection and treatment may prevent permanent hearing loss. What is this? Person with normal hearing can hear frequencies of normal speech... what is the range? Patient who exhibit hearing loss is referred to what doctors (2)?

Answer 31

- Assessment of Hearing Acuity - 300 to 4000 Hz - otolaryngologist or audiologist

Question 32

Results when there is a physical interference with normal conduction of sound waves through the external and middle ear. Amount of sound reaching inner ear is less than normal.

Answer 32

Conductive hearing loss

Question 33

Caused by an obstruction of external ear canal. Impacted cerumen, external otitis (swimmer's ear), foreign bodies, benign growths (polyps)

Answer 33

Conductive loss in external ear

Question 34

Caused by obstruction in middle ear. Includes serous otitis media, acute otitis media, perforated tympanic membrane, or otosclerosis

Answer 34

Conductive hearing loss in middle ear

Question 35

What is the term for fluid in the middle ear? What is an infection in middle ear?

Answer 35

- serous otitis media - acute otitis media

Question 36

Cause of conductive loss is often detected by examining the ear canal with what?

Answer 36

otoscope

Question 37

Results from damage to inner ear or auditory nerve. Sound is conducted normally through outer and middle ear structures. Problm with perception of sound waves; results in hearing deficit. Causes: - Hereditary factors - Degenerative changes from the normal aging process (presbycusis) - Intense noise exposure over period of time - Ototoxicity caused by certain medications - Infectious diseases (measles, mumps, meningitis)

Answer 37

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)

Question 38

Degenerative changes from the normal aging process

Answer 38

presbycusis

Question 39

Combination of both coductive and sensorineural loss

Answer 39

Mixed hearing loss

Question 40

What is the qualitative test for hearing acuity? What is the quantitative test for hearing acuity?

Answer 40

- Tuning forks - Audiometry

Question 41

What is the tuning fork frequency which fall within the range of normal speech?

Answer 41

- 512 or 1024 Hz

Question 42

Useful when one ear hears better than the other. Fork set in vibration. Base of fork placed on center of patient's head. Patient indicates where sound is heard best.

Answer 42

Weber Test

Question 43

Results of Weber Test: - Patient hears sounds equally in both ears. What is this? - Patient hears sound better in problem ear. What is this? - Patient does not hear the sound as well in problem ear. What is this?

Answer 43

- Normal hearing - Conductive hearing loss - Sensorineural hearing loss

Question 44

Compares the duration of sound perception by air conduction with that of bone conduction. Fork is set in vibration. Base of fork is placed against bon of mastoid process. Patient indicates when sound is no longer heard. Prongs of fork (still vibrating) placed in the air: 1 inch from opening of ear. Patient indicates when sound is no longer heard.

Answer 44

Rinne test

Question 45

Rinne test results: - Patient hears sound twice as long through air conduction as through bone conduction. What is this? - Patient hears the sound longer by bone conduction than by air conduction. What is this? - Sound is reduced; patient also hears sound longer through air conduction than through bone conduction, but not twice as long.

Answer 45

- Normal hearing - Conductive hearing loss - Sensorineural hearing loss

Question 46

Measurement of hearing acuity using an audiometer. What is this? An instrument that quantitatively measures the various frequencies of sound waves. What is this? Provides information on how extensive hearing loss. Which frequencies are involved.

Answer 46

- Audiometry - Audiometer

Question 47

Audiometry: Starts with low frequencies which is what? then goes to high frequencies of what?

Answer 47

- 250 to 500 Hz - 6000 to 8000 Hz

Question 48

Helps determine cause of hearing loss. Not a hearing test. uses a tympanometer which is an earpiece attached to an electronic device.

Answer 48

Tympanometry

Question 49

Tympanometry: Eardrum exhibits mobility in response to pressure. What is this? Eardrum will not move (remains stiff) and is used to diagnose serous otitis media and common cause of temporary hearing loss in children. What is this?

Answer 49

- Normal ear - Fluid present in middle ear

Question 50

Impacted cerumen must be soften before removal and instill what? - DO NOT perform irrigation if tympanic membrane is perforated. Could result in severe irritation or infection of middle ear.

Answer 50

-Instead warm mineral oil or hydrogen peroxide

Question 51

Performed to soften impacted cerumen, combat infection with antibiotic eardrops, and relieve pain

Answer 51

Ear instillation