Eyes and Vision

Question 1

What are the three cranial nerves that are responsible for extraoccular movements?

Answer 1

Cranial nerves III, IV and VI.

Question 2

What test is used to test the alignment of the eye and to check for strabismus?

Answer 2

Hirschberg test

Question 3

How is the Hirschberg test done?

Answer 3

Shine a light in the patient’s eyes and check the alignment of the light’s reflection

Question 4

Strabismus

Answer 4

a disparity of the eye axes

also termed “tropia” and is likely to cause amblyopia

Question 5

Esotropia

Answer 5

inward turning of the eye

Question 6

Exotropia

Answer 6

outward turning of the eye

Question 7

What does the 6 cardinal gazes test look for?

Answer 7

Nystagmus

Question 8

What must you do during the 6 cardinal gazes test in order to ensure accuracy and ease for the patient?

Answer 8

Have the patient return their gaze to a neutral position

Question 9

Nystagmus

Answer 9

a fine, oscillating movement seen just outside of the iris

mild nystagmus at the extreme lateral gaze points is normal

Question 10

Diplopia

Answer 10

double vision

Question 11

Cataracts

Answer 11

clouding of the clear lens of the eye due to UV radiation which causes fuzzy vision and sensitivity to glare

Question 12

Glaucoma

Answer 12

optic nerve neuropathy characterized by a loss of peripheral vision due to increased intraocular pressure

Question 13

Presbyopia

Answer 13

a decrease in the ability of the eyes to accommodate, which is apparent when a patient moves a vision card away from their face

Question 14

Myopia

Answer 14

nearsightedness

Question 15

Hyperopia

Answer 15

farsightedness

Question 16

Hordeolum

Answer 16

Stye

Question 17

Ptosis

Answer 17

drooping (stroke)

Question 18

Exophthalmos

Answer 18

thyroid disorder

Question 19

Periorbital edema is common in which conditions?

Answer 19

CHF

infection

Question 20

Anisocoria

Answer 20

different pupil sizes

Question 21

Which percentage of the population has anisocoria?

Answer 21

5%

Question 22

PERRLA

Answer 22

Pupils Equal Round Reactive to Light and Accomodate

Question 23

What is the best technique to use when assessing for PERRLA?

Answer 23

bring penlight from side to center of eye

Question 24

What type of drugs cause pupillary constriction?

Answer 24

codeine
fentanyl
hydrocodone
oxycodone
morphine
methadone 
heroin

Question 25

What drugs cause pupillary dilation?

Answer 25

``` amphetamines bath salts benzos cocaine ecstasy ketamine LSD ```

Question 26

What type of head injury and what aspects of a head injury can cause abnormal pupil sizes?

Answer 26

concussion | increased ICP

Question 27

Consensual light reflex

Answer 27

change in pupil size of the eye opposite to the eye in which the light is being shined in

Question 28

Direct light reflex

Answer 28

change in pupil size of the eye that has light shined into it

Question 29

How do you interpret Snellen chart numbers? For example, 20/40?

Answer 29

indicates that the line that you read correctly at 20 feet can normally be read at 40 feet

Question 30

What does a normal iris look like?

Answer 30

flat, round, evenly colored

Question 31

What is the normal resting size of a pupil?

Answer 31

3-5mm

Question 32

What retinal structures can be seen with an opthalmoscope?

Answer 32

retinal vessels macula fovea centralis