EYEYEY

Question 1

What may a patient with dry eyes complain of (4)

Answer 1

• grittiness
• dryness
• eyes feeling tired
• wanting to close eyes

Question 2

what are the snellen chart visual requirements for driving?

Answer 2

at least 6/12 in at least 1 eye

Question 3

mechanism of Tropicamide 1%

Answer 3

Muscarinic receptor M4 antagonists

blocks the response of the iris and ciliary muscles to cholinergic stimulation

Question 4

what is tropicamide used for?

Answer 4

dilation of the pupil for ophthalmoscopy

Question 5

name 2 antimuscarinic receptor antagonists

Answer 5

• tropicamide

- cyclophenolate

Question 6

name an alpha adrenergic agnoist

Answer 6

phenylephrine

Question 7

what should you look for evidence of prior to using dilating eye drops?

Answer 7

acute angle closure glaucoma

Question 8

3 causes of heterochromia iridis

Answer 8

• horners syndrome
• intraocular foreign body
• occular inflammation

Question 9

what colour will Fluorescein dye stain and fluoresce under blue cobalt light and when?

Answer 9

• green

- in corneal and conjunctival epithelium abrasions

Question 10

what may white opacities on cornea indicate

Answer 10

corneal ulcer

Question 11

2 causes of white reflex leukocoria in children?

Answer 11

• retinoblastoma

- retinal detachment

Question 12

what is a normal cup to disc ratio

Answer 12

0.3

Question 13

what is the normal colour of a health and well perfused optic cup?

Answer 13

orange-pink rim with a pale centre

Question 14

what may blurring of the optic disc margins suggest?

Answer 14

papilloedema

Question 15

Myopia is ___
and
light rays are brought into focus ___ of the retina

Answer 15

short-sightedens

in front of

Question 16

myopia is corrected by ___

Answer 16

concave lens

Question 17

cause of myopia include (2)

Answer 17

• eye too long

- converging power of the cornea or lens is too great

Question 18

individuals with myopia are more susceptible to which conditions? (3)

Answer 18

• primary open angle glaucoma
• retinal detachment
• macular degeneration

Question 19

Hypermetropia is ___
and
light rays are brought to focus ___ the retina

Answer 19

long sightedness

behind

Question 20

hypermetropia is corrected by ___ lens

Answer 20

convex

Question 21

cause of hypermetropia? (2)

Answer 21

• eye is too short

- converging power of cornea or lens is too weak

Question 22

individuals with hypermetropia are more susceptible to which condition?

Answer 22

Acute closed angle glaucoma

Question 23

what is Astigmatism?

Answer 23

uneven curvature of the cornea, causing uneven focus

Question 24

what can astigmatism be corrected by? (3)

Answer 24

• cylinders
• corneal surgery
• laser

Question 25

5 causes of reduced visual acuity

Answer 25

- Ambylopia - Refractive errors - Cataracts - ARMD - Optic neuritis

Question 26

how can a pin hole be used when testing visual acuity with a snellen chart

Answer 26

improvements when using a pin hole suggest there is a refractive element to their poor vision

Question 27

what are the stages when assessing visual acuity following a patient being unable to read the top line of the snellen chart at 6 metres? (5)

Answer 27

1) reduce distance to 3 metres 2) reduce distance to 1 metre 3) assess if they can count the number of fingers you are holding up 4) assess if they can see hand movements 5) assess perception of light using a pen torch

Question 28

5 causes of degeneration of fovea

Answer 28

- macular holes - cone dystrophies - retinal artery occlusion - ARMD - optic neuropathy

Question 29

4 causes of peripheral visual loss?

Answer 29

- glaucoma - retinal detachment - retinitis pigmentosa - branch retinal artery occlusion

Question 30

what is a scotoma?

Answer 30

A defect surrounded by normal visual fields; may begin as a gradual enlargement of the blind spot

Question 31

what visual defect does a lesion before the optic chiasm produce?

Answer 31

Field defect in the ipsilateral eye

Question 32

what visual defect does a lesion at the optic chiasm produce?

Answer 32

Bitemporal hemianopia

Question 33

visual field defect a craniopharyngioma produces?

Answer 33

Bitemporal hemianopia with the lower half affected more than the upper half

Question 34

visual field defect due to lesions after the optic chiasm?

Answer 34

Homonymous field defect (due to image reversal)

Question 35

right optic tract lesion

Answer 35

left visual field defect