(F) Critical Appraisal of Journals

Question 1

• Defined by Amanda Buris
• Is a systematic process of examining research to assess its trustworthiness, validity, and relevance for making informed decisions
• It involves evaluating the quality, reliability, and applicability
  of research findings to determine their value in a specific context
  This is a step in the research process wherein we want to
  select the appropriate journal that has to be included in the
  review of related literatur

Answer 1

Critical Appraisal of Journals

Question 2

4 parameters that critical appraisal of literature help to assess

Answer 2

1. Validity
2. Relevance
3. Reliability
4. Quality

VRRQ

Question 3

4 parameters that critical appraisal of literature help to assess

• How well a test measures an outcome
• We should do this if the results of the paper that we are reading are valid

Answer 3

Validity

Question 4

4 parameters that critical appraisal of literature help to assess

How important the topic is

Answer 4

Relevance

Question 5

4 parameters that critical appraisal of literature help to assess

How trustworthy is the research

Answer 5

Reliability

Question 6

4 parameters that critical appraisal of literature help to assess

Was there a systematic process for answering a
question>

Answer 6

Quality

Question 7

• Provides a structured framework to assess the strengths and
  weaknesses of a study design, methodology, results and conclusion and will determine the validity, relevance, reliability, and quality.
• There is no gold-standard critical appraisal tool
• Critical appraisal to promote evidence-based practice and
  inform our decision making in healthcare, by enabling users to critically evaluate and assess the quality and relevance of
  research evidence

Answer 7

Critical Appraisal Tool

Question 8

T or F

1. There is no gold-standard critical appraisal tool
2. Critical appraisal promote speculation based practice

Answer 8

1. T
2. F (evidence based)

Question 9

• Broad goals that outline the overall purpose of the study

Answer 9

General Objectives

Question 10

• More detailed and focused aims that help achieve
  the general objectives

Answer 10

Specific objectives

Question 11

This section provides objectives

Answer 11

General and Specific Objectives

Question 12

This section provides context for the research, explaining the problem,
previous studies, and why the study is important It include: summary of existing research, gaps or limitations, justification for why study is necessary

Answer 12

Background of the study

Question 13

Background of the study should include?

a. Summary of existing research
b. Gaps or limitations
c. Justification for why study is necessary
d. both
e. neither

Answer 13

d. both

Question 14

• This section should concisely state the main focus of the research.
• Should be specific, informative, and accurately reflect the study’s content and methodology

Answer 14

Title

Question 15

Provides an overview of the study, leading to the research
problem It includes:
* A brief background of the topic
* The significance of the study
* The research objectives
* A clear statement of the problem being investigated.

Answer 15

Introduction

Question 16

T or F

Introduction should include conclusion of results

Answer 16

F (bg, significance, objectives, SOP) only

BOSS

Question 17

Introduction

What does TIPS stand for?

Answer 17

T - Trends
I - Issues
P - Problems
S - Solutions

Question 18

Introduction

1. What should be first written?
2. After TIP, what is proposed?

Answer 18

1. TIP
   T - trends
   I - Issues
   P - Problems
2. Solutions

TIPS

Question 19

• Are measurable characteristics or factors that influence research outcomes.
• Classified as dependent, independent, or even confounding

Answer 19

Variables

Question 20

Variables

• The outcome or effect being measured in the study.
• It changes in response to the independent variable.

Answer 20

Dependent Variable

Question 21

Variables

• The factor manipulated or categorized to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

Answer 21

Independent Variable

Question 22

Identify if independent or dependent variable:
The antimicrobial activity of anthocyanin content of Oryza sativa L (Black Rice) grain extract
against Citrobacter freundii

• The control and test group: Amount of antibiotic
• Time
• Concentration

Answer 22

Independent (it is the one manipulated)

Question 23

Identify if independent or dependent variable:
The antimicrobial activity of anthocyanin content of Oryza sativa L (Black Rice) grain extract
against Citrobacter freundii

• Zone of inhibition

Answer 23

Dependent variable (depends on independent variable)

Question 24

• Statement predicting the relationship between variables
• Is actually extracted from the inferential questions that are designed by the researcher
• Two types: Null, Alternative

Answer 24

Hypothesis

Question 25

Hypothesis is actually ☝️🤓 extracted from?

Answer 25

inferential questions designed by researchers

Question 26

# Two types of hypothesis * States that there is no significant effect or relationship between variables.

Answer 26

Null hypothesis (H0)

Question 27

# Two types of hypothesis * Suggests that there is a significant effect or relationship between variables

Answer 27

Alternative Hypothesis (H1)

Question 28

This section explains how the study is conducted. It includes: * Research design * Data collection methods * Data analysis techniques

Answer 28

Methodology

Question 29

* This section provides a conceptual framework guides the study’s design and analysis * It represents the relationship between variables and can be illustrated using a diagram

Answer 29

Reseaarch paradigm/simulacrum

Question 30

Narrative description of the study’s design and analysis representing the relationship between variables

Answer 30

Conceptual framework

Question 31

1. A conceptual framework that guides the study’s design and analysis. 2. Narrative description of the study’s design and analysis representing the relationship between variables 3. It represents the relationship between variables and can be illustrated using a diagram. 4. Represents relationship between variables a. Research paradigm/simulacrum b. Conceptual framework c. both d. neither

Answer 31

1. A. 2. B 3. A 4. C

Question 32

Where is research paradigm based on?

Answer 32

SOP of research

Question 33

* Refers to the accuracy and credibility of the study. * It ensures that the research measures what it intends to measure and that the findings are reliable and applicable. * Refers to the extent to which a test or measurement accurately represents what it intends to measure. * A study with high validity produces conclusions that are applicable and trustworthy.

Answer 33

Validity

Question 34

* The systematic errors that can affect research validity and outcomes. * It can result from (Sampling errors, Researcher influence, Measurement errors) * Any systematic error in the design, conduct, or analysis of a study that results in a mistaken estimate of an exposure’s effect on the risk of disease * Refers to systematic errors that distorts the result of a study, leading to incorrect conclusions.

Answer 34

Bias

Question 35

* The process of examining, organizing, and interpreting collected data to draw meaningful conclusions. * It involves statistical techniques to validate findings.

Answer 35

Data analysis

Question 36

What are the statistical treatment mentioned?

Answer 36

* T-test * Spearman rank correlation * Mann-withney u test * Kruskal wallis test

Question 37

# Stastical Treatment * Statistical test used to compare the means of two groups and determine if their differences are statistically significant * Independent (Unpaired) T-test * Paired T-test

Answer 37

T-test

Question 38

* A non-parametric statistical test that measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two ranked (ordinal) variables. * It is used when data **do not follow a normal distribution**

Answer 38

Spearman rank correlation

Question 39

* A non-parametric test used to **compare differences** between two independent groups when the **data is not normally distributed**. * An alternative to t-test for ordinal or nin-parametric data

Answer 39

Mann-whitney u test

Question 40

Classify test: 2 groups, parametric

Answer 40

T-test

Question 41

Classify test: 2 groups, non-parametric (ordinal)

Answer 41

Mann-whitney u test (MWU)

Question 42

Classify test: 3 groups, Parametric

Answer 42

ANOVA

Question 43

Classify test: 3 groups, non-parametric (ordinal)

Answer 43

Kruskal-Wallis Test (KW test)

Question 44

* Refers to the closeness of measurement or an estimate to the true value * In epidemiology and research, accuracy is essential for ensuring that results are both precise and valid. * It depends on minimizing both systematic errors (bias) and random errors. * High accuracy indicates that the results are close to reality and can be relied upon for decision-making.

Answer 44

Accuracy

Question 45

# Match 1. Refers to the closeness of measurement or an estimate to the true value. 2. How well test measures an outcome 3. Accuracy and credibility if study, extent to which research accurately represents what it tend to measure 4. Systematic errors a. Validity b. Relevance c. Reliability d. Quality e. Accuracy f. Bias f. Data Analysis

Answer 45

1. e. Accuracy 2. a. Validity 3. a. Validity 4. f. Bias

Question 46

# Match 1. Process of examining, organizing, and interpreting collected data to draw meaningful conclusions 2. Relationship of variables 3. Using statistical techniques to validate results 4. Provides a structured framework assess the strengths and weaknesses of a study design 5. Measurable characteristics or factors that influence research outcomes 6. Concisely state the main focus of the research 7. Overview 8. Includes Justification for why the study is necessary 9. Actually extracted from the inferential questions that are designed by the researcher 10. Explains Data collection methods 11. A conceptual framework that guides the study’s design and analysis 12. TIPS a. Critical Appraisal Tool b. Objectives c. Background of the study d. Title e. Introduction f. Variables g. Hypothesis h. Methodology i. Research simulacrum j. Conceptual framework k. Data Analysis

Answer 46

1. k. Data Analysis 2. g. Hypothesis 3. k. Data Analysis 4. i. Research simulacrum 5. f. Variables 6. d. Title 7. e. Introduction 8. c. Background of the study 9. g. Hypothesis 10. h. Methodology 11. i. Research simulacrum 12. e. Introduction