F&E Blueprint

Question 1

What is the range for potassium?

Answer 1

3.5-5.0

Question 2

Potassium is inversely related to what?

Answer 2

Sodium

Question 3

What are common causes of hypokalemia?

Triple D’s!!

Answer 3

Diuretic use
Diarrhea
Poor dietary intake (ex: low intake)

Question 4

What are signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?

Answer 4

Muscle cramps
Fatigue
Irregular heartbeat
Paresthesias

Bold is important, italics is from Perry

Question 5

What will your ECG look like when a patient has hypokalemia?

Answer 5

U waves, flattened T waves

Question 6

What are interventions used for hypokalemia?

Answer 6

Potassium supplements
Potassium-rich diet
PO or IV Potassium Chloride (KCL)

Question 7

What are common causes of hyperkalemia?

Answer 7

CKD (impaired output)
Potassium-sparing diuretics (spironolactone)
Dietary excess
Certain medication (Digoxin, Propranolol Hydrochloride)

Italics is Perry

Question 8

What does your ECG look like in a patient with hyperkalemia?

Answer 8

Peaked T waves, widened QRS complex.

Question 9

Furosemide can cause which electrolyte imbalance?

Answer 9

Hypokalemia

(furosemide is a potassium-wasting diuretic)

Question 10

A burning sensation at the IV site is caused by which electrolyte?

Answer 10

Potassium

Question 11

In a critical situation, what would be given for hyperkalemia?

Answer 11

Administer insulin with glucose

insulin acts to drive potassium ions into cells alongside glucose, effectively lowering the potassium level in the blood by facilitating its intracellular movement

Question 12

What is the normal range for sodium?

Answer 12

136-145

Question 13

Sodium follows what?

Answer 13

Water

Question 14

What are causes for hyponatremia?

Answer 14

Excess fluid intake
SIADH (Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion)
Diuretics (Thiazide diuretics, also known as water pills) (hydrochlorothiazide)

Question 15

What are the signs and symptoms of hyponatremia

Answer 15

SEIZURES!!!!
Tendon reflexes go down
SALT LOSS

Remember seizures and decreased tendon reflexes and your good

Stupor/coma
Anorexia
Lethargy
Tendon reflexes go down

Limp muscles
Orthostatic hypotension
Seizures
Stomach cramping

Question 16

What are interventions for hyponatremia?

Answer 16

Restrict fluid
Isotonic or sodium-containing fluids
Monitor seizures

Italics is Perry

Question 17

What are signs and symptoms or hypernatremia?

(Think if you have too much sodium, eat too much chips)

Answer 17

Thirst,
Dry mucous membranes,
Lethargy (mental status change)

FRIED and SALTED

Italics is Perry

Fever (low grade)
Restlessness and agitation
Increased fluid retention
Edema
Dry mouth

Skin flushed
Altered LOC and confusion
Low urinary output
Thirst
Elevated blood pressure
Decreased energy

Question 18

What is the range for calcium?

Answer 18

9.0-10.5

Question 19

What are signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia?

Answer 19

Positive Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s signs,
Muscle spasms and contractions (including the heart)

Question 20

What electrolyte is calcium inversely related with?

Answer 20

Phosphate

Question 21

What is electrolyte is calcium closely related with?

Answer 21

Magnesium

Question 22

What are signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia?

Hint for one of them: TUMS causes what

Answer 22

Nausea, fatigue, kidney stones

Question 23

In severe cases, what would you give a patient for hypocalcemia?

Answer 23

IV calcium gluconate

Question 24

What is the range for magnesium?

Answer 24

1.7-2.1

Question 25

What are signs and symptoms of fluid overload (hypervolemia?) | There are five ## Footnote Hints: First two, what happens to your body when you retain too much fluid? Third: When you have a weight pressing on your chest it's hard to what? Fourth: Neck vein Fifth: What does your pulse feel like?

Answer 25

Weight gain Edema Dyspnea Jugular vein distention Bounding pulse

Question 26

What are interventions for fluid overload?

Answer 26

Diuretics Sodium restriction Daily weights (same time, same clothes, everyday)

Question 27

How do you manage fluids in patients with CHF?

Answer 27

Diuretics Fluid restriction Monitor I&Os

Question 28

How do you manage fluids in patients with CKD? | Chronic Kidney Disease ## Footnote What electrolytes are we avoiding for patients who's kidneys don't work

Answer 28

Avoid high-potassium. high phosphorous fluids, calcium, phosphate, sodium

Question 29

What are signs and symptoms of dehydration? | There are four ## Footnote Hint for 1: What does your skin do? 2: How does your mouth feel 3: What type of heart rate do you have? 4: Press into your finger

Answer 29

Poor skin turgor Dry mucous membranes Tachycardia Poor capillary refill (More than 3 seconds)

Question 30

What are fluid overload symptoms in CHF? | Chronic Heart Failure ## Footnote Think lungs

Answer 30

Edema Crackles Dyspnea

Question 31

How do you evaluate the effectiveness of diuretics in a CHF patient with fluid volume overload? | There are two ## Footnote Think what you would do if there were crackles and edema

Answer 31

Monitoring weight Monitoring lung sounds

Question 32

What are signs and symptoms for severe dehydration? | There are two ## Footnote Think skin and what happens when you REALLY don't have any water in you

Answer 32

Poor skin turgor Low urine output

Question 33

How do you treat hypovolemic shock? ## Footnote You need to restore their fluids FAST, how do you do that?

Answer 33

Rapid IV fluids Blood products as needed