F&E Overview

Question 1

the fluid outside the cells.

Answer 1

extracellular fluid.

Question 2

the fluid inside the cells.

Answer 2

intracellular fluid.

Question 3

fluid between cells, sometimes called third space, included in the extracellular fluid.

Answer 3

interstitial fluid.

Question 4

in special body spaces; cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and plural fluid.

Answer 4

transcellular fluid.

Question 5

needed to deliver dissolved nutrients, electrolytes, and other substances to all organs, tissues, and cells.

Answer 5

water.

Question 6

the movement of fluid through a cell or blood vessel membrane because of water pressure.

Answer 6

filtration.

Question 7

What is the direction of movement in a gradient to create equilibrium through hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 7

high hydrostatic pressure to low hydrostatic pressure.

Question 8

forms with changes in hydrostatic pressure differences between capillary blood and interstitial fluid.

Answer 8

edema.

Question 9

movement of solute across permeable membrane from area of higher concentration to lower concentration.

Answer 9

diffusion.

Question 10

Which fluid space usually contains 10x more sodium?

Answer 10

ECF.

Question 11

diffusion across a cell membrane that requires the assistance of a membrane-altering system.

Answer 11

facilitated diffusion / facilitated transport.

Question 12

movement of water only through a selectively permeable membrane.

Answer 12

osmosis.

Question 13

the number of milliosmoles in a liter of solution.

Answer 13

osmolarity.

Question 14

the number of milliosmoles in a kilogram of solution.

Answer 14

osmolality.

Question 15

the feeling of thirst is activated when the brain responds to changes in osmolarity of which fluid spacing?

Answer 15

ECF.

Question 16

the cells sensitive to changes in ECF osmolarity.

Answer 16

osmoreceptors.

Question 17

(thirst mechanism) when a person loses body water but most of the particles remain ___ volume is ___ and osmolarity is ___.

Answer 17

ECF ; decreased ; increased.

Question 18

(thirst mechanism) cells in thirst center ___ as water moves into ECF, triggering thirst.

Answer 18

shrink.

Question 19

total body water comparisons of gender, age, and amount of fat.

Answer 19

women < men ;
older adult < younger adult ;
obese < lean.

Question 20

thirst mechanism triggers.

Answer 20

rising blood osmolarity ;
decreasing blood volume ;
mouth dryness ;
thinking about needing a drink.

Question 21

obligatory urine output.

Answer 21

400-600 mL/day ;

30 mL/h

Question 22

causes of hypernatremia.

Answer 22

dehydration ;
kidney disease ;
hypercortisolism.

Question 23

causes of hyponatremia.

Answer 23

fluid overload ;
liver disease ;
adrenal insufficiency.

Question 24

causes of hyperkalemia.

Answer 24

dehydration ;
kidney disease ;
acidosis ;
adrenal insufficiency ;
crush injuries.

Question 25

causes of hypokalemia.

Answer 25

``` fluid overload ; diuretic therapy ; alkalosis ; insulin administration ; hyperaldosteronism. ```

Question 26

causes of hypercalcemia.

Answer 26

hyperthyroidism ; | hyperparathyroidism.

Question 27

causes of hypocalcemia.

Answer 27

``` vitamin D deficiency ; hypothyroidism ; hypoparathyroidism ; kidney disease ; excessive intake of phosphorus-containing foods and drinks. ```

Question 28

causes of hyperchloremia.

Answer 28

metabolic acidosis ; respiratory alkalosis ; hypercortisolism.

Question 29

causes of hypochloremia.

Answer 29

fluid overload ; excessive vomiting or diarrhea ; adrenal insufficiency ; diuretic therapy.

Question 30

causes of hypermagnesemia.

Answer 30

kidney disease ; hypothyroidism ; adrenal insufficiency.

Question 31

causes of hypomagnesemia.

Answer 31

malnutrition ; alcoholism ; ketoacidosis.

Question 32

causes of hyperphosphatemia.

Answer 32

kidney disease ; hypoparathyroidism ; acidosis ; hypocalcemia.

Question 33

causes of hypophosphatemia.

Answer 33

``` chronic antacid use ; hyperparathyroidism ; hypercalcemia ; vitamin D deficiency ; alcoholism ; malnutrition. ```

Question 34

age-related change of fluid balance on skin.

Answer 34

loss of elasticity ; decreased turgor ; decreased oil production. *skin becomes unreliable indicator of fluid status. dry, easily damaged skin.

Question 35

age-related change of fluid balance on kidney.

Answer 35

decreased glomerular filtration ; decreased concentrating capacity. *poor excretion of waste products. increase water loss, increasing RF dehydration.

Question 36

age-related change of fluid balance on muscular system.

Answer 36

decreased muscle mass. | *decreased total body water. greater RF dehydration.

Question 37

age-related change of fluid balance on neurological system.

Answer 37

diminished thirst reflex. | *decreased fluid intake, increasing RF dehydration.

Question 38

age-related change of fluid balance on endocrine system.

Answer 38

adrenal atrophy. | *poor regulation of Na+ and K+, increasing RF hyponatremia and hyperkalemia.

Question 39

measurable intake.

Answer 39

oral fluids ; parenteral fluids ; enemas* ; irrigation fluids*. *subtract amount returned from amount instilled.

Question 40

non-measurable intake.

Answer 40

solid foods ; | metabolism.

Question 41

measurable output.

Answer 41

urine ; emesis ; feces ; drainage from body cavities.

Question 42

non-measurable output.

Answer 42

perspiration ; | vaporization through lungs.

Question 43

water loss from skin, lungs, and stool. | about 500-1000mL/day

Answer 43

insensible water loss.

Question 44

increases insensible water loss.

Answer 44

``` thyroid crisis ; trauma ; burns ; states of extreme stress ; fever ; hot & dry environment. ```

Question 45

increased RF insensible water loss.

Answer 45

``` mechanical ventilation ; rapid respirations (tachypnea) ; GI suction. ```

Question 46

hormone secreted by adrenal cortex whenever sodium levels in ECF are decreased.

Answer 46

aldosterone.

Question 47

prevents both water and sodium loss. triggers kidney nephrons to reabsorb sodium and water from urine back into blood, increasing blood osmolarity and blood volume. prevents blood potassium levels from becoming too high.

Answer 47

aldosterone.

Question 48

released from posterior pituitary in response to increased blood osmolarity that shrinks osmoreceptors. kidney tubules reabsorb water and return to blood to decrease osmolarity by diluting.

Answer 48

antidiuretic hormone.

Question 49

another name for ADH.

Answer 49

vasopressin.

Question 50

hormone that retains only water.

Answer 50

antidiuretic hormone.

Question 51

hormones secreted by special cells in atria and ventricles of heart in response to increased blood volume and pressure (stretching heart tissue). binds to receptors in nephrons, inhibits reabsorption of sodium, increases glomerular filtration, increases urine output. decreases circulating blood volume and decreased blood osmolarity.

Answer 51

natriuretic peptide.