F1

Question 1

lithophile (silicates)
e.g aluminium and calcium

Answer 1

rock loving
they remain stable on or close to the earths surface where they readily combine with oxygen to form oxides

Question 2

siderophile
e.g nickel and iridium

Answer 2

iron loving
combine more easily with iron and tends to sink towards the earths core

Question 3

chalcophile
e.g copper

Answer 3

ore loving
combine readily with sulphur and occur below litho-holes in the mantle

Question 4

atmophiles
e.g nitrogen and hydrogen

Answer 4

gas loving
occur as liquids and gases on or above the earths surface

Question 5

chondrites

Answer 5

undifferentiated meteorites
that have not undergone melting or differentiation (separating into layers)

Question 6

what can chondrites tell us about the earth’s composition

Answer 6

represent the original material from which earth formed (before differentiation)

compare that to what we can find in the crust and mantle

iron is missing so we can infer that it must have sunk into the core during differentiation

Question 7

99% of the earths crust is made up of 8 elements,
what is their relative order of abundance

(old scientists always find clever new knowledge maps)

Answer 7

(O) oxygen
(Si) silicon
(Al) aluminium
(Fe) iron
(Ca) calcium
(Na) sodium
(K) potassium
(Ma) magnesium

Question 8

single tetrahedra
e.g. olivine

Answer 8

often granular crystals
strong ionic bonds makes mineral hardness high
no cleavage due to no planes of weakness

Question 9

single chain
e.g. augite/ pyroxenes

Answer 9

short prism like crystal
moderate hardness
two cleavage at 90, planes of weaker bonds between chains

Question 10

double chain
e.g. hornblende/ amphiboles

Answer 10

long, needle-like crystals
moderate hardness
cleavage due to angles weak bonds between chains

Question 11

sheet
e.g. micas

Answer 11

flat, flaky crystals
soft due to layers being weakly bonded
perfect basal cleavage that easily split into thin sheets along those planes

Question 12

framework
e.g. quartz and feldspar

Answer 12

varied crystal shapes, often well-formed
high hardness
quartz has a conoidal fracture (no cleavage)
feldspars have two cleavage at 90 due to weak zones in its crystal lattice

Question 13

mineral lustre

Answer 13

vitreous - reflects light like glass
metallic
pearly
silky
dull - does not reflect light

Question 14

moh’s scale of hardness

Answer 14

finger nail 2.5
copper coin 3-3.5
steel pin 5.5-6.0